GENDER DALAM LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL PESANTREN ( Studi tentang Peran Kiai dan Nyai dalam Sosialisasi Gender di Pesantren Al-Munawir dan Pesantren Ali Maksum Krapyak Yogyakarta )

MARHUMAH , NIM. 04.3.448 (2008) GENDER DALAM LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL PESANTREN ( Studi tentang Peran Kiai dan Nyai dalam Sosialisasi Gender di Pesantren Al-Munawir dan Pesantren Ali Maksum Krapyak Yogyakarta ). Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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	Text (GENDER DALAM LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL PESANTREN ( Studi tentang Peran Kiai dan Nyai dalam Sosialisasi Gender di Pesantren Al-Munawir dan Pesantren Ali Maksum Krapyak Yogyakarta )) BAB II, III, IV, V.pdf - Published Version Restricted to Registered users only Download (9MB)

Abstract

The writing of this dissertation is inspired by an academic anxiety that the roles played by Kyai and Nyai as the leaders in Pesantrens are imbalanced. In turn, this imbalance affects the gender specialization process that involves distribution of knowledge and power between Kyais and Nyais as the leaders in the Pesantrens. Due to the academic anxiety, this research views the process of gender socialization in Pesantrens as a process of production and reproduction of gender discourse that considers the relationship of power among the roles. Particular gender domination in Pesantrens will be analyzed as the implementation of particular relation of power in which one of the agent groups is more dominant than the other. At the same time, the structure of power in Pesantrens is used as an explanation about discourse production of particular gender that is dominant in Pesantrens. In turn, this discourse functions as regulation and normalization of any action, behavior and gender relation among the members of the pesantren community. To establish the above formulation, this research examines the roles of Kyai and Nyai in gender socialization in Pesantrens. The research aims to describe the agent of gender socialization in Pesantrens, to understand the roles of Kyai and Nyai in forming gender discourse, and to analyze the process and practice of education and learning in Pesantrens. This research also analyzes the learning methods and materials where gender and ideology of norms are introduced, developed, practiced, and institutionalized in Pesantrens. This research is conducted in Al Munawwir and Ali Maksum Pesantrens inYogyakarta that involves field observations, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with a number of Kyais, Nyais, badals (assistants), school teachers, managers and staffs of the Pesantrens. In addition, a number of historical documents and biographies are collected. The data are then analyzed using interpretative approach to reveal symbolic and textual meanings. This research finds that Kyais and Nyais play significant roles in forming strong gender discourse in Islam in the pesantren environment from which strong influence on the students' views of gender issues may emerge. Nevertheless, Kyais have great power and influence in both Pesantrens. They are in stronger position and have greater chances to interact with students as teachers. The other socialization agent of gender includes teachers and peers. Each agent plays different roles in socializing gender in their current position. Their roles are categorized into 3: maximalist, moderate and minimalist. Only few Kyais play significant roles and influence because of their position as the authority holders and main teachers in the Pesantrens. Both authority holders in the Pesantrens have established strong normative gender discourse within the Pesantrens environment. The aspects of normative discourse have powerful force to drive the process of gender socialization in Pesantrens. Gender teaching in this discourse is brought and supported by all senior Kyais and Nyais and most of young Kyais. The teaching is also included in teachingmaterials that refer to classical texts. These textsthemes, teachings, andworking plans that neither reflect the principles of gender equality nor considerfemale and male aspiration needs equally. This study finds that the process of gendersocialization in both Pesantrens is signified by the dominant strong model approach. This approach is characterized by several issues: the lecturing methods that are implemented as the main teaching method in the Pesantrens, repeated teaching materials by different teachers, the charisma and power of Kyais, Nyais, and teachers, and the enforcement aspects in the teaching materials in the Pesantrens. The dominance of traditional gender discourse represents the relationship of power within the body of the Pesantrens that is dominated by the majority of Kyais, Nyais, and teachers, who make the gender discourse production possible. The condition will in turn support their power in the Pesantrens. This research recommends several crucial agenda to be taken into consideration in the efforts to encourage the creation of more female-friendly and gender sensitive social and structural environment in the Pesantren milieu.

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