MILLENARIANISME ISLAM (Studi tentang Transformasi Ide dalam Hadis-hadis Mahdawiyah)

Muhammad Rikza Muqtada, NIM. 1430012010 (2018) MILLENARIANISME ISLAM (Studi tentang Transformasi Ide dalam Hadis-hadis Mahdawiyah). Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the origins of Mahdawiyah hadiths, the theological texts which are the only source of Islamic millenarianism (about al-Mahdi). The researchers' anxiety begins with the absence of a legal source of al-Mahdi (Mahdiism) in the Qur'an as the main source of Islamic theology, also Sahih of al-Bukhari and the Sahih of Muslim. This idea is constructed from Mahdawiyah hadiths which are considered false maudu’), so they have epistemic weakness. Nevertheless, the reality all along history, even to this day, there has been many who declared themselves as al-Mahdi as the promise of the hadith. Everytime of the appearance of a new Mahdi, he always brings a messianic spirit. His presence sparked a political movement that mobilized religious people to make a radical revolution from the crisis caused by the regime of rulers. In addition, the history shows that the existence of millenarianism in the traditions of the pre-Islamic religions, and Islamic millenarianism has something in common with those classical traditions in its grand concept. The anxiety above encourages the writer to formulate the following research problems: 1) How does the process of transmitting millenarianism into Islam through the hadiths of Mahdawiyah?; 2) Why do the hadiths of Mahdawiyah appear and spread?; 3) How is the relationship of the hadiths of Mahdawiyah with Islamic millennial movements? For that case, the writer uses the history of thought as an approach as well as formal objects, and the hadiths of Mahdawiyah as material objects. The research yields the following conclusions: First, every religion or sect could be said millenarian that was waiting for the presence of the savior at the time of his people in crisis. In Islam, when the prophetic title is considered finished, the term 'Imam' is used to call the savior. He was introduced as al-Mahdi, so that the understanding of him was called mahdiism. The doctrine of mahdiism on Muslims was done through the tradition from generation to generation and/or through the information of the hadiths of Mahdawiyah. Some informants of these hadiths, genetically, were from Jewish followers, whose theology was loaded with millenarianism. Their spreading to various parts of the Middle East area as well as their interactions with the local people -especially Shia loyalists and Abbasid loyalists- during the political conflict of the dynastic transition period (the 8th century AD) influenced millenarian thought, so that sporadically it was accepted by the majority of Muslims. Second, the emergence of the hadiths of Mahdawiyah was motivated by two factors; internal and external. The internal factors were in the forms of depressions experienced by Shia followers, and internal competitions within the Shia itself. While the external one was in the form of Shia survival during political contestation period in the 8th century AD. The Shia strategic move was to mobilize the broadest political support from the community, especially the Sunni group affiliated with the Abbasid rulers. They used the ideological equation and turned it into a system of belief that was socially deliberately created to control society in the political mission to subvert the Umayyad regime. To smooth that goal then this ideology must gain the legitimacy of the theological text, and the only possible thing was through the text of hadith. Thus, there were produced the hadiths of Mahdawiyah, then were expanded along with the development of religious thought of the Islamic sects during the political crisis. Third, Mahdiism is always related to religion and politics. The emergence of a very historical hadith of Mahdawiyah implied that hadith has profane sides. In this profane area, religion and politics are highly reciprocal, and attract quite strongly. Religion could influence and/or influenced by politics. Its implication was the emergence of political interpretation toward the religious texts to support a political interest. All the time of the history of Mahdiism, the hadiths of Mahdawiyah were often used as weapons to legitimize a radical millenarianistic revolutionary action, even today.

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