MENGURAI THE MYTH OF WESTERN SUPREMACY: ANALISIS DISKURSIF KRITIS AYAT TRITUNGGAL, INKARNASI YESUS, DAN OTORITAS ALKITAB DALAM ALKITAB TERJEMAHAN BAHASA ARAB SMITH-VAN DYCK 1865

Yuangga Kurnia Yahya, NIM.: 21300011008 (2024) MENGURAI THE MYTH OF WESTERN SUPREMACY: ANALISIS DISKURSIF KRITIS AYAT TRITUNGGAL, INKARNASI YESUS, DAN OTORITAS ALKITAB DALAM ALKITAB TERJEMAHAN BAHASA ARAB SMITH-VAN DYCK 1865. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

The Arabic Bible translation compiled by Eli Smith and Cornelius Van Dyck in 1865 is renowned as the most perfect and authoritative Bible translation among Arabic-speaking communities in the modern era. Despite the earlier arrival of Catholic missionaries in this region, it was this Protestant Bible, the Smith-Van Dyck Bible, that became the dominant reference for Arabic-speaking Christian communities from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. The production of this translation coincided with the Great Awakening in America and the spirit of imperialism. On the other hand, the centuries-long East-West church tension also gave rise to an unequal relationship between the Christianity brought by American missionaries and the Christianity practiced by local communities, particularly in central theological issues such as the concept of the Trinity, the divinity of Jesus, and the position of the Bible. Therefore, this study seeks to discover the dominant translation ideology and theological orientation present in this Bible translation, which has cultural-theological implications for Arab Christian communities and the discursive contestation between Catholic and Protestant missionaries in evangelizing local churches. To achieve this goal, the researcher employs Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis to uncover the discursive and social practices of the text. The verses selected for this study are those that discuss the concept of the Trinity, the concept of the incarnation of Jesus, and the doctrine of the Bible as the sole source of truth. In the textual analysis, given that the research object is a translation, the researcher uses the analysis of 18 translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir, as well as the equivalence analysis of Nida and Taber, to find translation patterns in this Bible. In the analysis of discursive practices, the researcher analyzes the production, consumption, and distribution of this Bible to obtain an interpretation of the operating discursive practices. In social practice, the researche uses Louis Althusser's ideological perspective, Karl Barth's perspective on cultural-theological hegemony in theology, and Sophie Bessis's perspective on Western supremacy to find the dominant ideology operating in the theological and cultural aspects accompanying this translation. This study yields several findings. First, the arrival of American missionaries in this region was motivated by a theological desire to preach the Gospel to Muslim communities in the Greater Syria region, involving the Oriental Orthodox Church. However, this mission failed due to the Ottoman Turkish policy of imposing the death penalty on Muslims who converted (murtad). Second, in encounters with the Oriental Orthodox Church, American missionaries found theological deviations, necessitating an effort to provide theological enlightenment, even though Roman Catholic missionaries had already carried out missions in this region. This subsequently led to a contestation between American Protestant and Catholic missionaries in spreading what they considered to be the correct teachings. Third, the SVD Bible is a representation of the Protestant-Catholic contestation in disseminating theological teachings to Christian communities in this region. Fourth, the missionary activities carried out by American missionaries in this region were considered a failure despite utilizing the power of Western supremacy, although they were culturally successful. Finally, the cultural implications arising from this encounter between different cultures not only produced negative implications in the form of domination and the implantation of Western ideology but also positive implications in the form of a sense of nationalism among the people of Greater Syria and an intellectual awakening movement (nahda).

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