<> "The repository administrator has not yet configured an RDF license."^^ . <> . . . "PLURALITY DENIED:\r\nTHE DEFEAT OF PLURALISM ADVOCATES IN INDONESIA DURING THE REFORMATION ERA"^^ . "Plurality Denied\r\nIndonesia is fertile not only for the diverse flora and fauna growing across the archipelago\r\nbut also for the birth of various faiths and religions. Various songs, paintings, and poems\r\ndedicated to praise the lands‟ fertility of this archipelago. The leaves of green coconut trees\r\nwaves along shores, whereas paddies turn yellow in various fields. Mountains stand high. Water\r\nflows in rivers. Huts made from bamboo by farmers adds the beauty of this classical landscape\r\noften appearing in many painting, such as by Basuki Abdullah, Dullah, Widayat, and other\r\ncontemporary artists. However, we have to put new decoration in the landscape dominating the\r\ntowns and villages across the country given the newest development of religiosity after the\r\nreformation movement, that is the significant increase number of mosques in every corner of\r\nvillage and town. Indeed, various mosques with Middle Eastern domes offer different\r\narchitectural style from those of traditional mosques with limasan roofs. To put the point\r\nmodestly, conservatism is on the rise. Islamism gains momentum in the era of freedom of\r\nexpression.\r\nSo far, Indonesian‟s fertility has been overemphasized in the Indonesian worldview. In\r\nfact, in hundreds of fertile islands, various local faiths and beliefs also grew. On the other hand,\r\nfrom Soekarno to SBY period the Indonesian government seems to have denied this reality. Only\r\nfive or six religions—Islam, Protestant, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism—\r\nare officially acknowledged by the government. Criticism to the major religions may bring\r\nsomeone to arrest, or even jail, charged with the1965 blasphemy law. Pluralism is denied. The\r\nold policy of the New Order which sought for uniformity and simplicity of people‟s faith for the\r\nsake of political control and stability is still maintained under SBY‟s administration.\r\nHistorically speaking, the birth of various prophets who declared new religions has\r\nmarked various watersheds in the nation‟s history. To illustrate, during the Dutch colonial era,\r\nprophets born from various ethnicities and localities, from Diponegoro in Yogyakarta,\r\nSisingamangaraja IX in Tapanuli, Samin Surosentiko in the border of Central and East Java, to\r\nother lesser prophets across Java during the early twentieth century, assumed leadership over\r\ntheir own people in the struggle against the colonial government. The story goes that these\r\nprophets claimed to have received divine messages with the noble task of restoring the nation‟s\r\npride, identity, and faith. Most of the campaigns led by these prophets however were \r\nextinguished by the Dutch with an effective tactic of arresting and sending them into exile\r\nthrough which to separate these prophets from their people. Although only few local religions\r\nfounded by native prophets during colonial period, such as Parmalim in Sumatera, survive, the\r\nemergence of new prophets never cease until today.\r\nIndeed, after the independence of the nation, more prophets emerged. They claimed to\r\nhave received new divine revelation, by which they taught Indonesians with teachings in\r\naccordance with the new atmosphere in the aftermath of the declaration of the nation‟s\r\nindependence. Most of them founded new religions, which, however, regarded by the Indonesian\r\ngovernment as mere sects or aliran kebatinan or kepercayaan, put under the umbrella of one of\r\nsix religions. In the country where diversity is undeniable reality under which prophets never\r\ncease to emerge, these mushrooming religions never achieve the status of religions, like their\r\ncounterparts from India, Europe, and Middle East. As result, some of the sect leaders lament that\r\nwhereas the government acknowledged imported religions such as Islam, Christianity, Hinduism,\r\nand Buddhism, local religions‟ existence is denied. Once again, these local faiths have no right to\r\nbe called religions. For many, this contradicts the spirit of the State Constitution (UUD 1945)\r\nchapter 29, which guarantees the freedom of each citizen to embrace any religion, belief, or faith.\r\nIronically, the followers of these local religions have to put one of the six official religions in\r\ntheir ID card and other official documents. They cannot declare their own identity as the\r\nfollowers of Saminism, Parmalim, Pangestu, and other local religions. The faiths of these groups\r\nwere also categorized as part of „culture,‟ not regarded as divine revelation, coordinated under\r\nthe Ministry of Culture and scrutinized by the Attorney General. On the other hand, the number\r\nof aliran kebatinan always grows from time to time. In 1980 there were around 600 sects. The\r\nNew Order government tried to take political advantage from them, by promising them to elevate\r\ntheir status as religions. But Islamists pushed back. The sects remain sects, never be regarded as\r\nreligions.\r\nAfter the reformation period, freedom of expression also shows two tendencies. First, the\r\nplurality of Indonesia appears in the public. Those who were oppressed by the New Order tried\r\nto show their faces and voice. Secondly, the spirit of Islamism, which was also suppressed by\r\nSoeharto, came to stage yet to annihilate the freedom itself and silence diverse voices other than\r\ntheir own. The first tendency can be seen in the number of people rebelled against the six\r\nestablished religions. Many claimed to have received revelation from God to establish new\r\nreligions, despite different motivation and context with which claimants recruited followers and\r\nfound cults. The prophethood of Muhammad, a khatam doctrine guarded by Muslim around the\r\nworld, was shaken many times. The government arrested these prophets, Ahmad Mushoddeq\r\nwho founded Qiyadah Islamiyah, Lia Aminuddin who founded Eden group, Imam Solihin who\r\nclaimed to be the reincarnation of Sukarno, and others. From Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, \r\nKalimantan, Sumatera to Java, prophets never ceased to emerge from the Old Order to\r\nReformasi. This reality is denied by the government, charging claimants to prophethood with the\r\n1965 blashpemy law and KUHP (the book of criminal code) 156. Most of them were put in jail\r\nfrom two to three years."^^ . "2012-01-01" . . . "PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE OF NEGOTIATING DIVERSITY IN INDONESIA, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE, NOVEMBER 5-6, 2012."^^ . . . . . . . . "SUNAN KALIJAGA ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY"^^ . "AL MAKIN"^^ . "SUNAN KALIJAGA ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY AL MAKIN"^^ . . . . . . "PLURALITY DENIED:\r\nTHE DEFEAT OF PLURALISM ADVOCATES IN INDONESIA DURING THE REFORMATION ERA (Text)"^^ . . . 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