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AGENSI PEREMPUAN DI TENGAH DOMINASI MASKULIN DALAM FORUM KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA
The Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) holds a strategic position in maintaining and fostering inter-religious harmony in Indonesia through inter-religious dialogue. However, this strategic potential remains underutilized, particularly concerning membership and the roles played by its members, which are predominantly masculine. This is evidenced by the minimal involvement of women in the organization. This research examines women’s agency in FKUB, positing that women are essential agents in promoting tolerance and peace. The study addresses three primary issues: the structural factors contributing to the lack of female participation in FKUB and its implications for interreligious dialogue in Indonesia; women’s agency in FKUB, including their perspectives on gender, diversity, and interreligious dialogue; and the strategies employed by women to navigate the masculine-dominated FKUB structure. This qualitative research combines fieldwork and library research, involving seventy-eight informants —forty-seven women and thirtyone men— from FKUB members across twenty-seven provinces and districts/cities, spanning eastern Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara), central Indonesia (South Kalimantan, Bali, South Sulawesi, and North Sulawesi), and western Indonesia (Aceh, Lampung, West Sumatra, North Sumatra, Riau Islands, DKI Jakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Central Java, and East Java). The study adopts a participatory research approach, emphasizing human subjectivity and awareness in knowledge creation and placing humans in an emancipatory and personal context. Data collection and analysis utilized two approaches: a sociological approach focusing on the interaction between religion, politics, culture, and society and a phenomenological approach emphasizing the lived experiences of research subjects. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of masculine dominance and Connell and Messerschmidt’s concept of hegemonic masculinity, the research identifies four structures of masculine dominance in FKUB: significant gender inequality in the management structure (men 91.9%and women 8.1%), male dominance in decision-making, gender bias, and the marginalization of women in decision-making processes. Factors influencing this dominance include patriarchal social constructions, internal challenges faced by women in religious councils, gender-biased interpretations of religious teachings, and ambiguous government regulations and their implementation. The research reveals that hegemonic masculinity manifests in FKUB through both structural and cultural subordination of women. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in female membership in many FKUBs due to efforts promoting a more gender-equitable habitus, both individually and institutionally. According to Bourdieu’s theory of social practice, two primary habitus are identified within FKUB: an inclusive vision of religious and ethnic differences, yet lacking inclusivity for gender diversity, and male dominance in religious organizations shaping FKUB members’ perceptions of women’s roles. An alternative habitus influencing female FKUB members is their belief in gender equality, supported by their broad insights and active involvement in various organizations, especially women’s organizations. As active agents, women in FKUB engage in criticism, negotiation, lobbying, and exerting pressure to transform masculine and unjust situations, leveraging their social, cultural, symbolic, and economic capital. The study identifies five strategies employed by female FKUB members to overcome challenges: assertive communication, supportive, educational, successive, and intervention. Additionally, three characteristics that strengthen their agency are a flexible communication style, detail-oriented skills, and a soft approach unique to women. With women’s agency and FKUB members adept in diversity and gender perspectives, it is theoretically feasible to develop a new habitus within FKUB, characterized by an inclusive vision for gender diversity. This will foster a balance between masculinity and femininity and achieve equal leadership for men and women in FKUB.
PASCASARJANA, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
NIM.: 17300016053 Wiwin Siti Aminah Rohmawati
AGENSI PEREMPUAN DI TENGAH DOMINASI MASKULIN DALAM FORUM KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA (Text)
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