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JEJARING EKONOMI POLITIK PEDAGANG MUSLIM: ANALISIS MOBILISASI KEKUASAAN DAN KONFLIK SOSIAL BAZAAR DI IRAN DALAM PERSIAN SPRING
This dissertation examines the economic-political network of the Bazaar in Iran, which plays a central role in shaping informal public discourse through societal political channels. Within the structure of the Bazaar, there are various subgroups with different ideologies and political affiliations, led by the Bazaar elite. The diversity of these Bazaar subgroups has the potential to cause social conflicts within the Bazaar, driven by conflicts of interest. Historically, the Bazaar has been closely linked to social movements that have shaped Iran's socio-political landscape, both as opposition and as supporters of the ruling regime. The structure and economic-political network of the Bazaar are complemented by a mass base of middle-class Bazaaris who are assumed to adopt populist ideologies in political matters. The defeat of Mir-Hossein Mousavi in the 2009 presidential election activated the Green Movement as the largest protest and demonstration since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, demanding justice over electoral fraud. On the other hand, Bazaaris, with their populist ideology, also joined these protests and demonstrations to advocate for their political interests through the Persian Spring movement. The Bazaaris’ resistance against the regime focused on demands for justice in economic policies that severely harmed the Bazaar's trade markets, particularly due to the regime’s failure in the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) nuclear deal, which disrupted the export-import business flow. Furthermore, the ruling regime sought to legitimize the status quo through policies such as tax hikes, price controls, and the privatization of the private sector, aiming to eliminate the Bazaar as an economic-political institution. This research aims to describe the economic-political network of the Bazaaris; to explain the power mobilization of the bazaar, the Bazaaris, and their socio-political and economic-political alliances vis-à-vis the ruling regime; to examine the relationship between the Persian Spring and the Arab Spring from an economic-political perspective; and to analyze the extent to which the social conflicts within the Bazaar during the Persian Spring have shaped the socio-political and economic-political dynamics amid the ideological struggles in Iran. The study employs Raymond Hinnebusch’s historical sociology framework, which views social movements as historical phenomena characterized by recurring patterns over time. According to Hinnebusch, revolutionary movements, protests, and uprisings are shaped by the complex interplay of economic, political, cultural, and social factors. To further enrich the analysis of social mobilization activism, the study also adopts Asef Bayat’s approach. This framework allows for an in-depth examination of the intersection between social movements, Islam, and the political economy of the Bazaaris in the context of the Persian Spring—considering aspects such as ideology, discourse, actors, movements, and political motivations. The research employs a mixed-methods approach for data collection, including the inventory of both digital and physical literature sources, as well as field research through observation, documentation, and interviews conducted both online and offline. This study demonstrates that the role and involvement of the Bazaaris in the Persian Spring was notably significant. The Bazaaris mobilized their economic-political networks to galvanize public participation through a shared collective consciousness shaped by geopolitical pressures, authoritarian governance, and policy disparities. Utilizing the principles of democratization, the Bazaaris—acting as political agents—succeeded in integrating various strands of political ideologies that emerged in the aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution into a unified populist framework. Furthermore, as a traditional economic institution, the bazaar did not reject the principles of economic liberalism per se, but strongly opposed the cultural infiltration of foreign values into Iranian societal traditions—an opposition largely endorsed by the religious clerical class (mullahs). This argument is reinforced by the thesis that the Persian Spring should be understood as a patterned series of historical phenomena, rather than as a novel social movement. However, what distinguishes the Persian Spring is its locus of control—internally driven by the economic interests of the Bazaaris, and externally motivated by the broader struggle to reform the socio-political and economic conditions of Iranian civil society.
PASCASARJANA, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
NIM.: 19300012014 Reza Bakhtiar Ramadhan
JEJARING EKONOMI POLITIK PEDAGANG MUSLIM: ANALISIS MOBILISASI KEKUASAAN DAN KONFLIK SOSIAL BAZAAR DI IRAN DALAM PERSIAN SPRING (Text)
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