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ETIKA AKSI MASSA TAN MALAKA PERSPEKTIF UTILITARIANISME JOHN STUART MILL
Tan Malaka is known as a revolutionary figure with incisive political ideas, but the ethical dimension of his thinking is often overlooked. Most academic studies tend to focus on biographical aspects and political strategy, leaving a discursive void regarding the moral foundations that underpin his radical ideas, particularly in his work Aksi Massa (1926). Yet, amidst the contemporary phenomenon of mass action, which often leads to chaos and social loss, Tan Malaka's ethical thinking is highly relevant. This thesis aims to reconstruct Tan Malaka's ethical concept of mass action and analyze it through the lens of John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism to understand the moral legitimacy of a resistance movement. This research is a qualitative study that employs a documentary analysis as a data collection technique. The literature used is Tan Malaka's original work, particularly Aksi Massa (Mass Action), which serves as the primary source, along with various other supporting works. The data analysis process was carried out systematically following the Miles & Huberman interactive model, which includes three stages: data collection to identify essential ethical ideas, data presentation in an interpretive narrative, and drawing conclusions that are repeatedly verified. This analysis is analyzed using Kees Bertens' ethical concepts (as a value system, code of conduct, and moral philosophy) and the basic principles of John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism. The results show that, from Mill's utilitarian perspective, Tan Malaka's mass action gained strong ethical legitimacy because it was oriented towards the utilitarian calculation of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Mass action was seen as an indispensable instrument for ending systemic suffering, such as poverty, ignorance, and tyranny caused by colonialism. Furthermore, Tan Malaka's vision of independence was grounded in Mill's concept of Higher Pleasure, where the struggle was not merely for physical satisfaction but also for the restoration of human dignity and intellectual freedom. Furthermore, Tan Malaka's emphasis on organizational discipline was justified within a utilitarian calculus to minimize unnecessary damage compared to sporadic movements. However, this analysis also uncovered theoretical tensions: radical methods such as the nationalization of assets and the abolition of classes were considered problematic from Mill's theory of justice, as they potentially violated individual rights and minority property rights for the sake of collective interests, which in the long run could threaten legal stability and civil liberties. Theoretically, this research contributes to enriching the treasury of ethical philosophy in Indonesia and solidifying Tan Malaka's position as a moral philosopher. Practically, this thesis provides ethical guidance for social movements focused on justice and humanity, rather than mere anarchy.
FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN, STUDI AGAMA DAN PEMIKIRAN ISLAM, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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