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KRITIK GABRIEL MARCEL TERHADAP JEAN-PAUL SARTRE MENGENAI KONSEP LIYAN
This study critically and in-depth analyzes the ontological impasse created by the concept of the Other in Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist philosophy. In his seminal work, L'Etre et le Neant/Being and Nothingness, Sartre defines the other as a source of alienation and a fundamental threat to the subject's freedom. Sartre's radical-individualist perspective views intersubjective relationships as a site of perpetual conflict, where the gaze (le hal) on the other acts as a force that reduces the subject to an object, robs them of their possibilities, and fossilizes their freedom-a condition embodied in Sartre's motto, "Hell is others" (L'enfer, c'est les Autres). This analysis argues that this formulation not only fails to capture the rich dimensions of human experience but also creates a dead end marked by anxiety, objectification, and the impossibility of authentic encounter. This methods employed are immanent critique and phenomenological-existential analysis, positioning Gabriel Marcel’s thought as an antithesis and alternative that overcomes Sartre’s ontological deficit. This research specifically explores how Marcel’s concepts of Participation, Mystery, and Concrete Ontology move as instruments of criticism against Sartre’s relational conflict. The result of this study indicate that Marcel’s critique centers on his vehement rejection of the reduction of the other to a problem that can be analyzed and resolved instrumentally. Marcel views this reduction as the root of Sartre’s impasse. Instead, Marcel returns the other to the dimensin of mystery (mystere) that can only be approached through love and fidelity (fidelite). Through the concept of Thou, Marcel dismantles Sartre’s assumption that the subject’s freedom must be defended against the other. According to Marcel, the other, seen as Thou, is the confirmation of the subject’s existence and the absolute condition for authenticity. Sartre’s impasse, which can only view the other as “Hell”, can be fundamentally addressed by Marcel’s Ontology of Hope, which offers the dimension of availability (disponibilite) as the foundation for a liberating, rather than a confining, relationship. The conclusion of this study is that Gabriel Marcel’s philosophy successfully proposes a credible and humanistic way out of the ethical paralysis and total alienation inherited by Sartre’s concept of the other. By shifting the focus from an ontology of possession and conflict to an ontology of communion and grace, Marcel’s critique not only invalidates Sartre’s pessimism but also opens up the potential for authentic and ennobling intersubjectivity.
FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN PEMIKIRAN ISLAM, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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