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KONTEKSTUALISASI HUKUM ‘USYR DALAM KETETAPAN ZAKAT PERTANIAN: ANALISIS FIQH AL-HADIS
Agricultural zakat is governed by prescribed rates commonly referred to as ʿusyr and niṣf al ʿusyr. However, modern agricultural practice has introduced substantial changes in production systems and irrigation methods, so that legal interpretation often faces a key question, namely whether these rates should be understood merely as a technical classification based on irrigation type, or whether they embody a deeper distinguishing rationale. This study examines several aspects directly related to the status and meaning of the ʿusyr Hadith in determining the miqdār of agricultural zakat from the perspective of fiqh al ḥadīth, and it further considers the relevance of its legal meaning for the practice of agricultural zakat in contemporary settings. This research is a qualitative normative legal study based on library research and a normative juridical approach. It analyses the ʿusyr Hadith as a normative source for determining the miqdār of agricultural zakat by employing a fiqh al ḥadīth reading, and it evaluates the contemporary relevance of its legal meaning through a contextual approach by observing how the ruling is applied in modern agricultural practice. The primary data consist of the Hadith text, supported by an assessment of transmission quality, asbāb al wurūd, a fiqh al ḥadīth reading of key wording, and the historical setting at the time the Hadith was delivered. The resulting interpretation is then connected to the instruments of istinbāṭ and to legal contextualization that traces the development and dynamics of agricultural systems from classical to modern forms. The findings indicate that differences among juristic interpretations can be understood through two interpretive currents that both treat irrigation as the determining factor, yet with distinct emphases. One current foregrounds muʾnah as the core distinguishing element, so that irrigation is read as an indicator of whether recurring costs and labor burdens are present, rather than as a simple label for the water source. This reading also accommodates mixed realities through calculative devices, such as applying three quarters of ʿusyr when a single plot undergoes two irrigation patterns within one season. Regarding modern relevance, contemporary agricultural data show a shift from a simple focus on water sources to the complexity of irrigation and production costs, including energy, maintenance, equipment depreciation, water service fees, and other dominant expenses. Accordingly, the application of ʿusyr and niṣf al-ʿusyr is more aligned with the objectives of zakat when it is anchored to a defensible distinguishing rationale through the presence or absence of real muʾnah, while maintaining niṣāb and disciplined rate determination.
FAKULTAS SYARIAH DAN HUKUM, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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