@phdthesis{digilib75999,
           month = {January},
           title = {ETIKA KEBAJIKAN DALAM GURINDAM DUA BELAS RAJA ALI HAJI},
          school = {UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA},
          author = {NIM.: 22105010007 Muhammad Al Zhuhri},
            year = {2026},
            note = {Ali Usman, M.SI.},
        keywords = {Etika Kebajikan, Gurindam Dua Belas, Raja Ali Haji, Karakter, kebahagiaan},
             url = {https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/75999/},
        abstract = {This research stems from concerns about the moral crisis in the modern era, which often neglects aspects of inner depth and character. On the other hand, local intellectual treasures such as Raja Ali Haji's Gurindam Dua Belas are often viewed merely as literary works, even though they contain profound ethical systems. Virtue ethics, which emphasizes character formation and self-preservation, is relevant for re-examining the values within this classic work to provide solutions to contemporary moral problems.
Based on these issues, the questions raised in this research are: (1) How is the concept of virtue ethics reflected in Raja Ali Haji's Gurindam Dua Belas? (2) How is the virtue ethics contained in Gurindam Dua Belas relevant to the formation of modern human morality? The objectives of this research are: (1) To examine Gurindam Dua Belas as an ethical text reflecting the formation of moral and spiritual character in the Malay-Islamic tradition. And (2) To outline the concept of virtue ethics from an Aristotelian perspective as a basis for moral analysis of Gurindam Dua Belas. (2) To identify the relevance between Western virtue ethics and the Gurindam Dua Belas (The Two-Four Verses) in establishing a universal moral foundation rooted in spiritual values.
This research uses a qualitative approach focused on literature research. Data collection techniques were conducted through written documents, namely by examining various relevant written sources. The primary data source in this research is the book Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji. Secondary sources include various literature, such as books and scientific articles, relevant to this research topic. Furthermore, the collected data will be analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods.
The results of the study indicate that the virtue ethics in Gurindam Dua Belas aims for happiness (eudaimonia) as a direction of life, centered on the concept of maintaining the body's organs, which are controlled by the heart as the moral center. Virtue, in Raja Ali Haji's view, is not merely a momentary act, but rather the result of a process of habituation in avoiding despicable traits and embellishing oneself with commendable qualities. The research findings confirm the harmony between traditional Malay-Islamic moral teachings and virtue ethics and classical philosophy, where balance between the physical and spiritual dimensions is key to achieving character perfection (insan kamil). This finding indicates an alignment between Gurindam Dua Belas and Aristotelian virtue ethics in its emphasis on character and critique of hedonism, while also affirming its distinction from modern Western ethics in terms of the source of moral normativity and the horizon of life?s purpose. If Aristotelian ethics and Kantian ethics are grounded in the autonomy of reason and an immanent orientation, then Gurindam Dua Belas is rooted in a theological-heteronomous framework with a transcendent and otherworldly orientation. Thus, Gurindam Dua Belas can be understood as a distinct and relevant source of religious ethical reflection, enriching general ethical discourse{--}particularly within the context of modern pluralistic societies.}
}