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	bibo:abstract "This study aims to analyse the impact of urbanisation, foreign direct\r\ninvestment (FDI) and gross domestic product (GDP) on environmental degradation\r\nin Indonesia between 1984 and 2024. The issue of environmental degradation is\r\nbecoming increasingly important as economic activity and population growth\r\nincrease, resulting in higher CO₂ emissions. Previous research has shown that\r\neconomic growth, urbanisation, and foreign investment are closely related to\r\nchanges in environmental quality, although the direction and magnitude of the\r\ninfluence can differ from one country to another. Data dari Indonesia sendiri\r\nmenunjukkan tren peningkatan emisi karbon dalam jangka panjang, yang\r\nmengindikasikan bahwa proses pembangunan belum sepenuhnya sejalan dengan\r\nprinsip keberlanjutan lingkungan. This study uses a quantitative approach with the\r\nAutoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to identify the short-term and\r\nlong-term relationships between the variables. The results of the study show that,\r\nin the short term, FDI has a significant impact on environmental degradation in\r\nvarying directions over several periods, whereas GDP only has a significant impact\r\nat certain lags and urbanisation does not have a significant impact. In the long term,\r\nurbanisation and GDP have a significant impact on environmental degradation,\r\nwhile FDI does not. These findings reinforce previous research that suggests\r\neconomic and demographic activities can increase environmental pressure,\r\nparticularly in the long term. Therefore, policies that promote environmental\r\nsustainability are needed to ensure that economic growth goes hand in hand with\r\nenvironmental protection."^^xsd:string;
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