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bibo:abstract "This study aims to analyze the effect of inflation, exchange rates, Foreign\r\nDirect Investment (FDI), trade openness, and external debt on economic\r\ngrowth in Developing Eight (D-8) countries. Economic growth is measured\r\nusing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita based on Purchasing\r\nPower Parity (PPP) as an indicator of real societal welfare. These\r\nvariables were selected because they play an important role in influencing\r\nthe stability and dynamics of economic growth, particularly in developing\r\ncountries with open economic characteristics. This study employs a\r\nquantitative approach using panel data regression analysis. The data used\r\nare secondary data covering the period 2010–2024 obtained from the\r\nWorld Bank, IMF, and UNCTAD. Potential endogeneity problems that may\r\ncause estimation bias were addressed through the application of the Fixed\r\nEffect Model (FEM), which is capable of controlling cross-country\r\nheterogeneity and minimizing omitted variable bias, thereby producing\r\nmore consistent and reliable estimators. This approach constitutes one of\r\nthe novelties of the study in analyzing the determinants of economic growth\r\nin D-8 countries. The results indicate that inflation and external debt have\r\na positive and significant effect on economic growth. In contrast, the\r\nexchange rate has a negative and significant effect on economic growth.\r\nMeanwhile, FDI and Trade Openness do not have a significant effect on\r\neconomic growth. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of\r\nmacroeconomic variables in promoting economic growth is highly\r\ninfluenced by structural conditions, human capital quality, and the level of\r\nfinancial sector development in each country. Overall, this study highlights\r\nthat strengthening human capital quality, enhancing economic\r\ninclusiveness, and developing the financial sector are essential factors in\r\nsupporting sustainable economic growth in Developing Eight (D-8)\r\ncountries."^^xsd:string;
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