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bibo:abstract "This research examines criminal sanctions against perpetrators of cyber\r\nflashing as a form of digital sexual violence within the perspectives of Indonesian\r\ncriminal law and Singaporean criminal law. Cyber flashing, involving the transmission\r\nof sexually explicit images or videos without the recipient’s consent, has become a\r\nserious issue because it causes psychological harm, violates privacy, and threatens the\r\ndignity of victims in digital spaces. This study aims to examine the regulations and\r\ncriminal sanctions against perpetrators of cyber flashing in Indonesia and Singapore\r\nand to analyze them through Jasser Auda’s maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah theory.\r\nThis research is a normative legal study employing a juridical-normative\r\napproach with a descriptive-comparative analytical nature. Data were collected\r\nthrough library research involving legislation, books, academic journals, and legal\r\nreferences related to cyber flashing and electronic-based sexual violence. The\r\nanalytical framework used is Jasser Auda’s maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah systems approach,\r\nwhich emphasizes openness, multidimensionality, and purposefulness in Islamic law.\r\nThe findings reveal that the regulation of criminal sanctions against cyber\r\nflashing perpetrators in Indonesia and Singapore shares the same objective of\r\nprotecting victims but differs in terms of legal specificity. Indonesia regulates cyber\r\nflashing through provisions concerning electronic-based sexual violence under Law\r\nNumber 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes, with penalties of up to four years’\r\nimprisonment and/or a fine of up to IDR 200,000,000. In contrast, Singapore, through\r\nSection 377BF of the Penal Code, explicitly criminalizes acts of sexual exposure,\r\nwhether committed directly or through digital media, with penalties of up to one year’s\r\nimprisonment, a fine, or both. Where the victim is under 14 years of age, the offender\r\nmay be punished with imprisonment of up to two years, a fine, or both. Based on Jasser\r\nAuda’s maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah analysis, the regulations in both countries aim to protect\r\ndignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), and public welfare. However, Singapore is\r\nconsidered to have a clearer and more preventive approach in addressing digital\r\nsexual crimes."^^xsd:string;
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