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KONSEP INZAL DALAM PERISTIWA NUZUL AL-QUR’AN MENURUT TAFSIR MAFATIH AL-GAYB KARYA FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI
This study examines the concept of inzāl in the process of nuzūl al-Qur’ān according to Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Mafātīḥ al-Gayb. The main problem addressed in this study arises from the discrepancy between the wording of Qur’anic verses stating that al-Qur’ān was revealed in the month of Ramaḍān, on Lailat al-Qadr, or on a blessed night (laylatin mubārakah), and the historical fact that its revelation was not sent down to the Prophet Muhammad all at once, but gradually over approximately twenty-three years. This study aims to examine Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s interpretation of verses related to the concept of inzāl and to describe the dimensions of his interpretation. This research is a qualitative library study employing a descriptive-analytical approach. The primary source of this study is Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Mafātīḥ al-Gayb, especially his interpretations of Q.S. al-Baqarah [2]: 185, Q.S. al-Dukhān [44]: 3, and Q.S. al-Qadr [97]: 1, while the secondary data are drawn from classical and contemporary literature relevant to the themes of inzāl and nuzūl al-Qur’ān. The findings show that al-Rāzī does not limit the concept of inzāl to a single possible meaning, but presents three interpretive possibilities. First, al-Qur’ān was revealed in its entirety from al-Lauḥ al-Maḥfūẓ to the lowest heaven, and then conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad gradually. Second, on every Lailat al-Qadr, the portion of al-Qur’ān needed for one year was sent down to the lowest heaven, and then conveyed to the Prophet gradually. Third, inzāl is understood as a marker of the beginning of revelation, rather than as a detailed explanation of the stages of al-Qur’ān’s descent. In presenting these three possibilities, al-Rāzī constructs his interpretation through four interpretive dimensions, namely the bi al-ma’ṡūr dimension, the linguistic dimension, the rational-argumentative dimension, and the theological dimension. The bi al-ma’ṡūr dimension functions as the initial basis for opening up the meaning of the verse through transmitted reports. The linguistic dimension serves as the basis for directing the meaning of inzāl through lexical analysis. The rational-argumentative dimension is employed to test, weigh, and strengthen the possible meanings he proposes. Meanwhile, the theological dimension is used to situate inzāl within the framework of divine wisdom, will, and action.
FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN PEMIKIRAN ISLAM, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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