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MAKNA LAFADZ ISYTARA DALAM AL-QUR’AN: ANALISIS SEMANTIK TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU
The Qur'an frequently employs terms derived from commercial activities to convey religious messages, one of which is the term isytarā. This term is not only used in the context of economic transactions but also functions as a metaphor to describe the exchange of moral and spiritual values, such as exchanging guidance for misguidance or sacrificing oneself to attain Allah’s pleasure. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the meaning of the term isytarā in the Qur’an and trace the development of its meaning through Toshihiko Izutsu’s semantic approach. This study is a qualitative, literature-based research (library research). The research data consists of Qur’anic verses containing the term isytarā and its derivatives, which were analyzed using Izutsu’s semantic method through syntagmatic, paradigmatic, synchronic, and diachronic analyses. These analyses were conducted to identify the basic meaning, relational meanings, and semantic transformations of the term isytarā across various periods of its usage. The results of the study indicate that the basic meaning of the term isytarā is exchange or transaction. Syntactically, this term encompasses three main concepts: the exchange of value, legal deliberation, and moral and spiritual transactions. Paradigmatically, isytarā is synonymous with al-bai‘ and at-tijārah, and antonymous with ar-ribā and al-muṭaffifīn. Historically, the meaning of isytarā underwent a transformation from a term for commercial transactions in the pre-Qur’anic era into a spiritual metaphor during the Qur’anic era, and subsequently evolved into a theological concept describing human life choices along with their moral and spiritual consequences in the post-Qur’anic era. This finding indicates that the Qur’an expands the meaning of isytarā from a mere economic activity into a concept representing humanity’s relationship with values, life choices, and accountability before Allah the Almighty.
FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN PEMIKIRAN ISLAM, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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