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SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KONSEP JADAL AL-QUR’AN SEBAGAI SUBGENRE ‘ULUM AL-QUR’AN PADA ABAD 8-12 H
Consequently, this study identifies the figure of Najmuddīn at-Tūfi as a crucial pivot who legitimised the use of dialectical logic to dissect the verses of the Qur’an through an argumentative reconstruction experiment in his work, ‘Alam al-Jażal. As for the formal integration of jadal into the encyclopaedic tradition of ‘ulūm al-qur’ān, this was pioneered by Badruddīn az-Zarkasyī in al-Burhān and perfected by Jalāluddīn as-Suyūtī in al-Itqān. Both figures conceived of jadal al-qur’ān as a manifestation of rational proof presented in accordance with Arabic linguistic conventions (‘ādat al-’arab), rather than through the technical details of the kalām scholars. This development indicates a methodological shift in which the function of logical instruments began to be redirected to strengthen rhetorical analysis and the demonstration of the i’jāz al-qur’an. This study also refutes the notion of intellectual stagnation following as-Suyūtī by highlighting the contributions of Syah Waliyyullāh ad-Dihlawī in the 12th century AH. Ad-Dihlawī offered a new formulation by integrating the jadal al-qur’ān into the broader concept of asbāb an-nuzūl. He emphasised that the Qur’anic debate with groups such as the Jews, Christians, polytheists, and hypocrites was based on the general premises or concepts of the religion of Ibrahim (al-millah al-hanīfah) and possesses contextual relevance that continues into the modern-contemporary era. In conclusion, this study summarises four main periods in the development of jadal al-qur’ān: the early Islamic period, which was practical in nature; the early medieval period as an intellectual discourse on the text; the late medieval period, characterised by the ‘Arabic turn’; and the modern period, with an emphasis on contextual awareness. These findings confirm that jadal al-qur’ān is the result of intellectual dynamics aimed at demonstrating the rhetorical and argumentative miraculous nature of the Qur’an in the face of various theological challenges throughout history.
FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN PEMIKIRAN ISLAM, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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