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IDENTIFIKASI METABOLIT SEKUNDER DAN UJI ANTIBAKTERI PADA DAUN DAN BUAH KEMUKUS (Piper cubeba L.f)
Piper cubeba L.f, commonly known as cubeb, is an endemic Indonesian plant widely used as a culinary spice and in traditional medicine. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites and evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of cubeb leaves and fruits against Propionibacterium acnes. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with ethyl acetate as the solvent, metabolite profiling was performed using GC-MS, and antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. GC-MS analysis revealed that the leaf extract contained 13 secondary metabolites, while the fruit extract contained 14. Eight compounds were detected in both extracts but at different concentrations, with the fruit extract showing higher dominance—for example, cedrol at 18.63% in the fruit and 3.74% in the leaf. The identified compounds were predominantly terpenoids, steroids, and aromatic compounds, such as cedrol, β-copaene, ethyl iso-allocholate, and vitamin D₃. Qualitative screening and GC-MS confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannins. The fruit extract was dominated by terpenoids (β-copaene, cedrol) with pharmacological potentials including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antipyretic activities. The leaf extract was dominated by flavonoids ((–)-sesaminol, carotenoids) with potential antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Antibacterial testing showed that neither the leaf nor the fruit extract exhibited inhibitory activity against Propionibacterium acnes. In conclusion, this study successfully identified various bioactive compounds in cubeb leaves and fruits; however, under the applied test conditions, both extracts showed no antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, indicating the need for formulation optimization and test method refinement for potential development as phytopharmaceuticals.
FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
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