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bibo:abstract "Musharakah financing is a partnership (shirkah) contract based\r\non the principle of profit and loss sharing, whereby profits are\r\ndistributed according to the agreed profit-sharing ratio, while losses\r\nare borne in proportion to each partner's capital contribution, provided\r\nthat they are not caused by ta'addī (misconduct) or taqṣīr (negligence).\r\nIn the practice of the Religious Courts in Indonesia, disputes\r\nconcerning the execution of collateral in musharakah financing have\r\nresulted in inconsistent judicial decisions. Some judges regard default\r\nas the primary legal basis for enforcing collateral, whereas others\r\nconsider the nature of the musharakah contract and the principle of\r\nrisk sharing before determining whether collateral may be executed.\r\nThis inconsistency has led to an imbalance in the legal protection\r\nafforded to customers as collateral owners and Islamic banks as ṣāḥib\r\nal-māl (capital providers).\r\nThis study aims to analyze: (1) the legal considerations and\r\njudicial reasoning applied by judges in disputes concerning the\r\nexecution of collateral in musharakah financing; (2) the\r\nimplementation of legal protection for the rights of customers and\r\nIslamic banks in judicial decisions; (3) the factors contributing to\r\njudicial disparity; and (4) the reconstruction of a judicial reasoning\r\nmodel capable of providing fair and balanced legal protection. This is\r\na legal research employing a qualitative approach that combines\r\nnormative legal research with an analysis of nineteen decisions of the\r\nReligious Courts and the Supreme Court issued between 2016 and\r\n2025. The data were analyzed descriptively, comparatively, and\r\nprescriptively using Jamaluddin Atiyyah's Maqāṣid al-Sharī'ah\r\nTheory as the grand theory, Gustav Radbruch's Theory of the Purpose\r\nof Law, the Theory of Legal Reasoning, and the Theory of Legal\r\nProtection as the middle theories, and the Theory of Risk Distribution\r\nas the applied theory.\r\nThe findings reveal two distinct models of judicial reasoning:\r\nthe Default-Based Judicial Reasoning Model and the Risk-Sharing\r\nJudicial Reasoning Model. The former treats contractual default as the\r\nprincipal justification for collateral execution, whereas the latter bases judicial decisions on the identification of the contractual nature of\r\nmusharakah, analysis of the causes of business loss, verification of\r\nta'addī or taqṣīr, and assessment of business risk before determining\r\nthe legal consequences of collateral execution. This study concludes\r\nthat the second model is more consistent with the legal characteristics\r\nof musharakah, provides more balanced legal protection for both\r\nparties, and better reflects the objectives of law and the principles of\r\nMaqāṣid al-Sharī'ah. Furthermore, the study finds that judicial\r\ndisparity stems primarily from differences in judges' reasoning models\r\nrather than from differences in applicable legal norms.\r\nBased on these findings, this study reconstructs a Judicial\r\nReasoning Model Based on Maqāṣid al-Sharī'ah and Risk\r\nDistribution, consisting of the stages of contract identification,\r\nverification of contractual characteristics, fact identification, analysis\r\nof the causes of loss, risk distribution analysis, protection of the\r\nparties' rights, assessment of the objectives of law, confirmation\r\nthrough Maqāṣid al-Sharī'ah, and judicial decision-making. The\r\noriginal contributions of this research include the identification of two\r\njudicial reasoning models in musharakah collateral disputes, the\r\nformulation of a judicial reasoning model as a methodological\r\nguideline for resolving musharakah financing disputes, the\r\ndevelopment of the concept of Balanced Legal Protection, and the\r\nformulation of the concept of Contractual Justice, which posits that the\r\nstandard of justice in civil disputes should be determined according to\r\nthe legal nature of the contract establishing the parties' legal\r\nrelationship. Accordingly, justice in musharakah contracts cannot be\r\nequated with justice in loan agreements because each contract\r\nembodies a distinct allocation of risk."^^xsd:string;
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