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bibo:abstract "The practice of independent Umrah without an officially licensed organizer in\r\nIndonesia has increased in recent years due to easier access to information, cost\r\nefficiency, and greater travel flexibility. However, Law Number 8 of 2019\r\nconcerning the Organization of Hajj and Umrah does not accommodate this\r\npractice and therefore does not provide legal protection for independent Umrah\r\npilgrims. Subsequently, Law Number 14 of 2025 was enacted to recognize the\r\nexistence of independent Umrah. Based on this development, this study examines\r\ntwo issues: (1) how legal protection for independent Umrah pilgrims is regulated\r\nunder Law Number 8 of 2019 and Law Number 14 of 2025, and (2) the juridical\r\nimplications of comparing these regulations for the fulfillment of the constitutional\r\nrights of citizens.\r\nThis research is normative legal research with a descriptive-analytical approach.\r\nIt employs statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The primary legal\r\nmaterials consist of the two laws and their implementing regulations, while the\r\nsecondary legal materials include books, scholarly journals, and previous\r\nresearch. The data are analyzed qualitatively using Philipus M. Hadjon's theory of\r\nlegal protection, Jimly Asshiddiqie's theory of the rule of law, and Satjipto\r\nRahardjo's theory of progressive law.\r\nThe results of this study indicate that Law Number 8 of 2019 does not recognize the\r\npractice of independent Umrah and therefore provides neither preventive nor\r\nrepressive legal protection for pilgrims choosing this arrangement. In contrast,\r\nLaw Number 14 of 2025 recognizes independent Umrah as one of the lawful\r\narrangements for performing Umrah, establishes administrative requirements, and\r\ngrants certain rights to independent pilgrims. Nevertheless, the legal protection\r\nprovided remains limited to the protection afforded to Indonesian citizens abroad\r\nand does not include service guarantees comparable to those provided for pilgrims\r\nusing licensed Umrah Travel Organizers (Penyelenggara Perjalanan Ibadah\r\nUmrah—PPIU). Accordingly, the regulatory reform has enhanced legal certainty\r\nregarding the legal status of independent Umrah pilgrims. However, it still leaves\r\ndisparities in the scope of legal protection and creates potential regulatory gaps\r\nconcerning the liability of service providers and cross-border dispute settlement\r\nmechanisms."^^xsd:string;
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skos:prefLabel "340.1 Perlindungan Hukum" .
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dc:title "HTML Summary of #77957 \n\nPERLINDUNGAN HUKUM JEMAAH UMRAH MANDIRI TANPA PENYELENGGARA RESMI ANTARA UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 8 TAHUN 2019 DAN UNDANGUNDANG NOMOR 14 TAHUN 2025\n\n";
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