ISLAM, DEMOKRASI DAN ORANG KUAT LOKAL: STUDI KEMUNCULAN OLIGARKI POLITIK DAN PERLAWANAN SOSIAL DI BANGKALAN MADURA

ABDUR ROZAKI, NIM. 1130016035 (2015) ISLAM, DEMOKRASI DAN ORANG KUAT LOKAL: STUDI KEMUNCULAN OLIGARKI POLITIK DAN PERLAWANAN SOSIAL DI BANGKALAN MADURA. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

Decentralization policies and democratic electoral processes that have been in place for more than a decade have become a dynamic political arena in the circles of ‘local bosses’ and civil society organizations in usurping and influencing governance structures at the local level. In some regions, these sorts of processes have given rise to innovative leadership figures and civil society movements that are passionate in encouraging change. On the other hand though, oligarchy leadership patterns have also emerged, such as those in Bangkalan Madura. The political oligarchy in Bangkalan Madura is quite distinctive as it developed out of a dominant religious socio-cultural basis, where Syaikhona Kholil symbolic goods were transformed into symbolic power by FAI (acronym), a descendant of Syaikhona Kholil in dominating local governance structures. In wielding his power, FAI developed a political oligarchy and a political dynasty by cultivating political rent seeking, that is, legal and illegal methods to earn higher than normal income. He feathered his own nest through an array development projects and political repression, using an approach of terror and violence to silence the critical stance of social activists. No less than 6 activists were slashed and shot during his leadership. It can be summarized that the political oligarchy fostered by FAI was a kleptocratic-repressive oligarchy. This kleptocratic-repressive oligarchy led to disappointment due to its failure to assume the mission of initiating change in society. It also posed as a threat to actors of democracy, which led to social resistance through contentious politics. Social activists began framing issues on various cases of public policies that were not in the interest of citizens by utilizing existing political opportunity structures to expand mass mobilization structures in various social groups, particularly when political contentions flared among the Bani Kholil family, namely FAI versus IBK at the time of the regional elections. The activists also used social media, such as facebook and twitter and repertoires of contention through political orations and other theatrical actions in their demonstration actions. This research used descriptive-exploratory qualitative methods. The researcher employed participatory data collection techniques, in-depth interviews in the core network circle of actors directly involved in the research topic and used other secondary data like the collection of documents, literature and media news clippings to give depth to the data and analysis. The data collection process was quite long as the researcher was born and raised in Madura. The data collection however was particularly concentrated in the month of August in 2012 leading up to the 2012 Regional Head Elections and a month after wards and then leading up to the 2014 General Elections for the Legislative Election in April 2014 and the Presidential Election in July 2014 as well as the following month.

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