STUDI KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN PONDOK PESANTREN (EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN DI PROVINSI JAMBI)

MAHBUB DARYANTO, NIM. 093789/BR (2017) STUDI KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN PONDOK PESANTREN (EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN DI PROVINSI JAMBI). Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This research is based on the fact that the government's attention to the development of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia is getting bigger, especially since the national education reform in 2003. It gives the effect to the development of the boarding schools in terms of access, quality and governance. Dealing with this, the author is interested in conducting a study on evaluation of the government policies towards the development of boarding schools in the Jambi Province. The problem is focused on the following formula: (1) How is the development of boarding schools in Jambi Province? (2) How is the policy of the Government and the Local Government in the development of Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province? (3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the policy of the Government and Local Government in the development of Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province? This study used a qualitative approach, through the descriptive, explorative, eksplanatif, analytic and evaluativestudy. The data source was from published sources, included documents about government policy in the development of the boarding schools, and field sources, in the form of phenomena of the development of the boarding schools in the JambiProvince. The field data was obtained through documents, interviews and observations. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the development of the boarding school in Jambi Province has been started since the beginning of the 20th century, that were marked by the establishment of Pondok Pesantren Nurul Iman in Jambi in 1915. Up to now, the development of the number of schools has has reached 214 institutions. In contrast to the pattern of the establishment of boarding schools in Java, in general the excellence of the boarding schools in the early stages of their stand in Jambi Province is a boarding school belongs to the communitythat handed over their leadership to a figure of master teacher, chaplain(kiyai) as a representation of the people who are given the authority and the authorization to regulate the pesantren(Islamic boarding schools),meaning the implementation of public education was organized from the community, by the community and for the community. Using such patterns, the leadership of boarding schools in Jambi is not hereditary. On one side of its development, there are weaknesses in the regeneration aspects of the educator in charge of the boarding school. As time goes by, that pattern changed with the presence of alumni of pesantren from Java to establish schools in Jambi, especially since the 1990s. Government policies in developing Islamic boarding school in Jambi is focused on the development of facilities and infrastructure boarding school, which is characterized by a number of aid flowing both from the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs Office of Jambi Province, and the Provincial Government of Jambi. Provincial Government of Jambi even have programs called Pesantren Mandiri (independent pesantren)in order to empower the Islamic boarding schools. In terms of the program, the Ministry of Religious Affairs focused on the development of Compulsory Basic Education program (Wajardikdas) 12 Years at Pondok Pesantren Salafiyah and Indonesia Pintar program. Besides, the Ministry of Religious Affairs has a policy of pesantren development as centers oftafaqquh fiddin, in accordance with scientific tradition which was developed from the beginning of its existence. Then, it is realized by the implementation of MQK in its national level in 2013, with the initial motivation for the development of the kitab kuning (yellow book) for the boarding schools in the province of Jambi. However, these policies come into resistance at the level of policy implementation due to the lack of related programs of tafaqquh fiddin planned every year. The strength of the government policy in the development of Islamic boarding schools in Jambi province is the existence of coordinating cooperation between the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Local Government, so that it can synchronize programsfor the boarding school development. The cooperation is constantly wellmaintained by convening Halaqah activity every year, resulting in significant meetings for the co-ordination within the Regional Office of the Ministry of Religion with the SKPD Jambi Province. Its weakness lies in mapping the potency and the condition of the boarding schools in the Jambi Province. As a result,the existing development program is not done yet based on the scope of need in each boarding schools. However, in general, the weakness comes from the limited budget of the development of the boarding school in the Ministry of Religious Affairs, which is up to now still to be shared with the madrasah (MI, MTs, and MA), Islamic Religious Education in Schools (PAIS), Madrasah Diniyah Takmiliyah, Pendidikan Al-Qur'an and Islamic Universities. Based on those findings, the author recommends that the government should further strengthen the focus of the development of the Islamic boarding schools as an tafaqquh fiddininstitution, over efforts to develop culture and arts, skills, and technologies. This is meant in order to maintain the boarding schoosl from the globalization that could threaten the tradition of Islamic boarding school.( INDONESIA ) Penelitian ini didasarkan pada fakta bahwa perhatian pemerintah terhadap perkembangan pondok pesantren di Indonesia semakin besar, terutama sejak reformasi pendidikan nasional tahun 2003. Hal tersebut memberi pengaruh terhadap perkembangan pondok pesantren dari segi akses, mutu dan tata kelola. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, penulis tertarik melakukan studi evaluasi kebijakan pemerintah terhadap perkembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi. Permasalahan dibatasi dalam rumusan sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimanakah perkembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi? (2) Bagaimanakah kebijakan Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam pengembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi? (3) Apa saja yang menjadi kekuatan dan kelemahan kebijakan Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam pengembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, melalui studi deskriptif, eksploratif, eksplanatif, analitis dan evaluatif. Data penelitian bersumber dari sumber pustaka berupa dokumen tentang kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan pondok pesantren, dan sumber lapangan berupa fenomena perkembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi. Data lapangan diperoleh baik melalui dokumen, wawancara maupun observasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Perkembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi telah berlangsung sejak awal abad ke-20 yang ditandai dengan berdirinya Pondok Pesantren Nurul Iman di Kota Jambi pada tahun 1915. Hingga kini, perkembangan jumlah pesantren telah menjadi 214 lembaga. Berbeda dengan pola pendirian pesantren di Pulau Jawa, keunggulan pondok pesantren pada tahap awal-awal berdiri di Provinsi Jambi pada umumnya adalah pesantren milik masyarakat yang diserahkan kepemimpinannya kepada seorang tokoh tuan Guru, kiyai sebagai representasi dari masyarakat yang diberikan otoritas dan wewenang mengatur pesantren tersebut, artinya implementasi pendidikan dari masyarakat diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat. Dengan pola demikian, maka kepemimpinan pesantren di Jambi tidak bersifat turun-temurun. Hal ini pada satu sisi perkembangannya terdapat kelemahan pada aspek regenerasi pengasuh pondok pesantren. Pola itu mengalami perubahan dengan kehadiran alumnialumni pesantren dari Pulau Jawa untuk mendirikan pesantren di Jambi, terutama sejak tahun 1990-an. Kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi difokuskan pada pengembangan sarana dan prasarana pondok pesantren, yang ditandai dengan sejumlah bantuan yang mengalir baik dari Kementerian Agama RI, Kantor Wilayah Kementerian Agama Provinsi Jambi, maupun Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Jambi. Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Jambi bahkan memiliki program Pesantren Mandiri untuk pemberdayan pondok pesantren. Dari segi program, Kementerian Agama fokus pada pengembangan program Wajib Belajar Pendidikan Dasar (Wajardikdas) 12 Tahun pada Pondok Pesantren Salafiyah, dan Program Indonesia Pintar. Selain itu, Kementerian Agama memiliki kebijakan pengembangan pesantren sebagai pusat tafaqquh fiddin sesuai dengan tradisi keilmuan yang dikembangkan sejak awal keberadaannya. Hal tersebut diwujudkan dengan penyelenggaraan MQK Tingkat Nasional pada tahun 2013, dengan motivasi awal pengembangan kitab kuning bagi pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi. Akan tetapi kebijakan tersebut mengalami hambatan pada tingkat implementasi kebijakan diakibatkan kurangnya program terkait tafaqquh fiddin yang terencana setiap tahun. Kekuatan kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi adalah adanya kerjasama koordinatif antara Kementerian Agama dengan Pemerintah Daerah, sehingga dapat melakukan sinkronisasi program dalam pengembangan pondok pesantren. Kerjasama itu terus terpelihara dengan diselenggarakannya kegiatan Halaqah setiap tahun, sehingga terjadi pertemuan-pertemuan yang signifikan bagi upaya koordinasi antar Kanwil Kementerian Agama Provinsi Jambi dengan SKPD Provinsi Jambi. Kelemahannya terletak pada pemetaan potensi dan kondisi pondok pesantren di Provinsi Jambi, sehingga program pengembangan yang ada belum dilakukan berdasarkan skala kebutuhan di masing-masing pondok pesantren. Namun demikian, secara umum, kelemahan itu bersumber dari masih terbatasnya anggaran pengembangan pondok pesantren di Kementerian Agama, yang hingga kini masih harus berbagi dengan madrasah (MI, MTs, dan MA), Pendidikan Agama Islam pada Sekolah (PAIS), Madrasah Diniyah Takmiliyah, Pendidikan Al-Qur’an, dan Perguruan Tinggi Islam. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, penulis merekomendasikan agar pemerintah lebih memperkuat fokus pengembangan pondok pesantren sebagai lembaga tafaqquh fiddin, lebih dari upaya pengembangan budaya dan seni, keterampilan, dan teknologi. Hal ini demi menjaga pondok pesantren dari arus globalisasi yang dapat mengancam tradisi pondok pesantren.

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