TANGGUNG JAWAB MUTLAK PADA HUKUM LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF WAHBAH AZ-ZUḤAILĪ

MUHAMMAD WIPRASWORO JIHWAMUNI, NIM: 18203010061 (2020) TANGGUNG JAWAB MUTLAK PADA HUKUM LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF WAHBAH AZ-ZUḤAILĪ. Masters thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

Strict liability is a doctrine originated from common law system since the middle of the 19th century. Generally, the doctrine is used in litigation arised from civil wrong. In Indonesian law, the doctrine is used as lex specialis in rules governing dispute resolution in environmental cases. Article No. 88 of Act No. 32 Year 2009 stated that liability regardless of fault is implemented for activities using dangerous substances, processing and producing dangerous waste, and activities with a great threat to the environment. This research attempts to explain Islamic Law’s view on strict liability in Indonesian environmental law using Wahbah az-Zuḥailī’s theory on construction of liability in fiqh ḍamān. Subsequently, the implementation of az-Zuḥailī’s view in developing Indonesian environmental law is discussed with ‘Abdul Wahab Khalāf’s theory of as-siyāsah as-syar’iyyah. This research is library research using normative legal approach. The theory utilised for the purpose of the research is Wahbah az-Zuḥailī’s theory on construction of liability in fiqh ḍamān and ‘Abdul Wahab Khalāf’s theory of as-siyāsah as-syar’iyyah. The analysis method used in this research is descriptive analytical. The data is collected through the observation of literatures discussing strict liability issues, fiqh ḍamān, and as-siyāsah as-syar’iyyah. The research finds that strict liability in Indonesian environmental law is not repugnant to rules in the Islamic law. Wahbah az-Zuḥailī considered various exceptions in the implementation of transgression elemnent (at-ta’addī) which confirms the benefit of the law, which is recovery of rights (al-jabr). Subsequently, according to causation theory, strict liability can only be implemented in losses caused by direct cause (al-mubāsyarah), accompanied with available but restricted defences for the defendant. On the other hand, the implementation of az-Zuḥailī’s view on strict liability can be use in legal development on environmental matters in Indonesia, as long as it create benefits, avoiding harm, and is not contradicicting principles of sharia. According to as-siyāsah as-syar’iyyah perspective, to guarantee the personal rights and equality before the law, the defences in strict liability must be made available in the rules governing the strict liability.

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