ISLAMISME, DEMOKRASI, DAN GAYA HIDUP: KELAS MENENGAH MUSLIM DI INDONESIA

Subkhi Ridho, NIM.: 1430016001 (2022) ISLAMISME, DEMOKRASI, DAN GAYA HIDUP: KELAS MENENGAH MUSLIM DI INDONESIA. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

The Muslim middle class in Indonesia is growing along with its participation in the democratization process. This political participation is inseparable from the economic growth in the country which managed to get through the global crisis in 2008. Such economic growth is marked by the soaring consumption among the Muslim middle class, especially for products labeled as halal or shar’i (complying with Islamic principle). This study highlighted three findings. First, genealogically, the emergence and increasing Islamism among the Muslim middle class occurred in the fields of education, economy, lifestyle, and politics. Most of Muslim middle class in Indonesia are well-educated, as indicated by their academic title (at least bachelor degree holders). In terms of the need for education, the Muslim-middle class is more concerned with Islamic education as a way to protect them from things that violate Islamic teachings. This can be seen from the genealogy of the Muslim middle class who try to be in line with Islamic social processes. Second, Muslim middle class tend to adhere to accommodative political activities, and some of them even share a pragmatic view that are not independent, subordinated, and being reliant on clientelism. Third, they are inclined to express their Islamic identity through the label of peaceful Islamists, to go against radical Islamism. The Muslim middle class tends to apply the paradigm of Islamism in their appearance, but they apply moderate perspective of Islam. This is inseparable from the economic dependence of the Muslim middle class, which has prevented them from too daringly exposing their existence to the public sphere. It is true to say that the Muslim middle class has experienced a contestation of Islam in the public sphere in the political, economic, cultural, and educational realms. This dissertation answers three questions: first, what is the genealogy (history) of the growth of the Muslim middle class in post-reform Indonesia? Second, how is the relationship between Islamic activism in the campus and the growth of the Muslim middle class in Indonesia? Third, why is the Muslim middle class trying to show various forms of expression of their Islamic identity in the Indonesian Islamic public sphere? To explain this problem, this study used the Islamism theory of Bassam Tibi, Olivier Roy, Julia Chernov-Hwang, and Alexander R. Arifianto, which emphasizes that the symptoms of Islamism require a new order in all aspects of social, religious, political, legal, economic and individual behavior, which is based on Islamic law. In addition, this study also applied the public Islamic contestation theory from Armando Salvatore, Dare F. Eickelman, and Noorhaidi Hasan. This study adhered to the perspective of sociological approach and a qualitative narrative-exploratory approach. Data were collected from literature studies and interviews with experts in the issue of Muslim middle class.

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