HISTORIOGRAFI ISLAM ABAD PERTENGAHAN (ANALISIS MATERI SEJARAH TARIKH AL-KLULAFA KARYA AS-SUYUTI)

Safari, S.Ag., M.Sos.l., NIM.: 09.34.701 (2016) HISTORIOGRAFI ISLAM ABAD PERTENGAHAN (ANALISIS MATERI SEJARAH TARIKH AL-KLULAFA KARYA AS-SUYUTI). Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

Medieval Islam can be regarded as one of the culmination points of the development of Islamic historiography. This period raises many famous historians who represent the advancement of Islamic historiography. Ibn Khaldun (d. 809 AH/1460 AD) has been known as one of the exponents of medieval historians in the field of philosophy of history. As-Sakhawi (d. 903 AH / 1497 AD) has reaffirmed the status of Historical Sciences (fann at-tarikh) as a discipline worth placing together with other disciplines. The progress does not hamper the sustainability of traditionalist-historian group who epistemologically still holds the ethos of experts of hadith (muhaddisin). This group is different from the historians who are controlled by the ruler (court patronage) and independent historian (fellow historian). At the time of Mamluk, schools of Egypt recognize the traditionalist group as religious scholars (‘ulama ad-din) that write history. One of the most representative figures in this regard is Jalaluddin as-Suyuti (849-911 H/1445-1505 AD), a multitalented prolific scholar. Works of religious scholars in the field of history give rise to one of the characteristics of Islamic historiography of the Middle Ages. Tarikh al-Khulafa’, one of as-Suyuti’s major work, is very representative of several reasons. First, it reflects the political viewpoints of the author. Second, the book is also a piece of history of the caliphs of Islam served with the nuances that are critical in the context of a traditionalist. Third, there is the use of the text of the Qur’an and the Hadith to legitimize the idea of an ideal history. The focus of this research is (1) why as-Suyuti is interested in writing the history of Islam? and (2) how the historical material explanation of as-Suyuti in Tarikh al-Khulafa’?, and (3) what are the characteristics which it rests? This research is a library research using descriptive-analytic method. The approach used in analyzing the historical material of as-Suyuti is historiography and hermeneutics. Sources used as research material are divided in two, First, primary sources, namely the book of Tarikh al- Khulafa’, and several related books of as-Suyuti and, Second, secondary sources, ie, other works related to the theme of the research. The exploration on these problems, leads to several major findings. First, as-Suyuti is a scholar with an interest and expertise in various fields of science. However, he only concentrates to the circumference of traditional knowledge (al-'ulum an-naqliyyah), especially in the field of hadith. Interest of as-Suyuti to the history is the further implications of the Hadith tradition. He represents traditionalist historians who survive until the Middle Ages. Capability as a historian is seen in some of the works he writes, including the historical books, especially prosopography literature like Tarikh al- Khulafa’, Bugyat al-Wu’at, Husn al-Muhadarah, and literature that talks about the history of science as asy-Syamarikh fi ‘Ilm at-Tarikh. Second, the pattern of criticism is one of the main characteristics in the explanation of history of as-Suyuti in presenting the material in the book of history Tarikh al-Khulafa’. Polarization between positive and negative in turn becomes a very common thing in the explanation of historical narratives as-Suyuti. Nevertheless, ‘criticism’ in this context should be positioned in the frame of epistemology traditionalist genealogically relying on ethos of the experts of hadith (muhadditsin). In this case, he applies a person's spiritual and moral credibility (‘adalah) as benchmarks in reading a caliph. This has implications for the direction of his criticism that is likely to only see morality and ignore the political domain. Explanation of history in this model is a history of pragmatism that he wants a leader in the level of which is ideal. Consequently, he builds the characteristics of historiography which contains elements of the history of creation. The element is the use of the verses of the Qur’an and hadith texts which impact on the legitimacy of particular ideas about history. In addition, the projection into the past history (flash back history) by comparing the ideal figure from another time shows the importance of building the idealization of a character. Furthermore, the use of mythical elements, such as natural occurrences which are not seen as independent events but seen as an event that legitimizes a historical event, also helps establish the credibility of a character. This study concludes that the capacity of the as-Suyuti as a historian-traditionalist has implications for the historical perception that he builds. Explanation of history in Tarikh al-Khulafa’ seems to be referring to ‘a past’, not ‘the past’ itself, in the sense that his historical explanation wishes to show an ideal history of the Islamic rulers. As a consequence, some of the historiographical characteristics also contain an element of the history of creation.

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