MUTASYABIHAT DALAM HADIS: Konstruksi Pemahaman Hadis Ibnu Hajar Al-‘Asqalani dalam Kitab Fatḥ al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari

Ali Mahfuz Munawar, NIM.: 18300016007 (2024) MUTASYABIHAT DALAM HADIS: Konstruksi Pemahaman Hadis Ibnu Hajar Al-‘Asqalani dalam Kitab Fatḥ al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

In the ‘ulum al-Qur’an, many debates are found in the mutasyabih (vague) text, not only stopping at the terminology but also in the classification and scope. Some groups accept it without using ta’wil (interpretation), accept it with ta’wil, or do not even use ta’wil at all. Then what about hadith? What is the definition of mutasyabihat hadith? What is included in the group of mutasyabihat hadith as found in verses in the Qur’an? Then, in understanding hadith, there are those that are textual and those that are placed in a contextual position. In this case, it can be divided into two groups. The first group is more concerned with the external meaning of the hadith text which is called textual hadith experts. Second, it is the group that develops reasoning on the factors behind the text, which is called ahlu ra’yi, also called contextualists. What is the correct understanding, according to Ibnu Hajar, in understanding these mutasyabihat hadiths? It is because understanding of these mutasyabihat hadiths also needs to be analyzed to understand the historical context or reality and its implications in the study of hadith. This research is library research, which analyzes data from bibliographic literature using the theory of hadith criticism, which includes matan hadith criticism (the text of the hadith). Related to the theory of hadith criticism, which aims to analyze the understanding of hadith texts or matan hadith by carrying out linguistic analysis and analysis of ta’wil and fiqh hadith approaches. This research uses a language approach and ta’wil hadith to look at the historical context in understanding mutasyabihat hadiths. Meanwhile, regarding data analysis methods, this research uses descriptive-analytical-interpretive methods and content analysis. By using these theories, methods, and approaches, this research shows that Mutasyābihāt hadiths are hadiths whose meaning is unclear, requiring in-depth understanding. In constructing Ibn Hajar al-’Asqalani’s understanding of this mutashabihat hadith. He explained in Fathul Bāri that there are mutasyabihat texts in the Qur’an and Hadith, with opinions based on the opinions of previous scholars which they have determined from the verses of the Qur’an and the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h., which relate to this issue of mutasyabih with remain faithful or believe in hadith texts that are muhkam (clear in meaning) and carry out ta’wil to find a more appropriate meaning for the mutasyabihat hadith without reducing the majesty of Allah and the sanctity of the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. So when looking at Ibn Hajar al-’Asqalânî’s method when interpreting mutasyabihat hadiths, which consist of several types of hadiths, including musykil (abstruse) hadiths, symbolic ones, parables or tamstsils, metaphysics, and jawami’ul kalim (short but meaningful), all of which are understood using ta‘wil and sometimes tafwidh (giving it to God), then it can be seen from the political conditions and social objectives at that time. Ibn Hajar al-’Asqalani was in a period where the theological teachings that emerged and lived were on two very good sides, namely between maintaining the teachings of the al- Qur’an and Sunnah are understood as the previous generation or Salaf and attempting to answer a philosophical thought, which is full of rationality. Furthermore, in the social scope and space, Ibn Hajar lived and existed in a scientific and historical socio-political space that required him to support Asy’ariah teachings, and socially, the people of that era were classified as people who predominantly followed Asy’ariah teachings and the existence of Asy’ariyah theology is in its establishment after several centuries of clashing with muktazilah theology.

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