TOLERANSI BERAGAMA DALAM PERKEMBANGAN INTERAKSI UMAT ISLAM TERHADAP UMAT KRISTIANI DI MAGELANG, 1900-1942 M.

Muh Fatkhan, NIM.: 18300016074 (2024) TOLERANSI BERAGAMA DALAM PERKEMBANGAN INTERAKSI UMAT ISLAM TERHADAP UMAT KRISTIANI DI MAGELANG, 1900-1942 M. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This research discusses the tolerance resulting from interactions between Muslims and Christians in Magelang between 1900 and 1942. This historical study employs a sociological approach with the aim to elucidate: 1) The development of Muslims and Christians in Magelang. 2) Forms of tolerance between Muslims and Christians. 3) Forms of tolerance within Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, and 4) factors supporting the harmonization of religious life in Magelang. The researcher adapts Geir Afdal and Reiner Forst's concepts of tolerance to identify tolerance in the interactions between Muslims and Christians in Magelang. Afdal identifies three types of tolerance: endurance, being unprejudiced, and openness, while Forst introduces three forms of tolerance conception: the permission conception, the co-existence conception, and the respect conception. Each theory is utilized by the researcher to identify how tolerance occurs in specific events and what motives lie behind it; whether related to political power or grounded in morality and equal civil rights. Following the research process, the researcher finds that: first, Islam, Protestantism, and Confucianism had entered Magelang before the arrival of Father Van Lith for Christian missions coinciding with the implementation of ethical political policies. The increasing Catholic mission development provoked reactions from Muslims. Second, interactions between Muslims (Arab Muslim figures, NU figures, and Muhammadiyah figures) and Christians are motivated by both political power and morality, resulting in various types of tolerance. Third, interactions between Muhammadiyah and NU organizations overall involve a balance of political power and are practicalinstrumental in nature, resulting in endurance-type tolerance. Finally, the relatively harmonious religious life in Magelang is supported by at least three factors: past tolerance events, the gentle nature of Javanese people, and the efforts of religious elites to foster harmony.

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