DINAMIKA TRANSFORMASI DAN KOMPLEKSITAS RELASI GENDER DI SUKU BATAK ANGKOLA

Ulfa Ramadhani Nasution, S.H., S.IP., M.A., NIM.: 21300011047 (2024) DINAMIKA TRANSFORMASI DAN KOMPLEKSITAS RELASI GENDER DI SUKU BATAK ANGKOLA. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This dissertation explores the dynamics of transformation and complexity of gender relations between women and men in the Angkola Batak tribe. The research addresses the following questions: (1) To what extent do customary and religious relations influence changes in the Angkola Batak patriarchal patrilineal cultural order? (2) What are the dynamics of gender construction and reconstruction in the Angkola Batak community? (3) Why do Angkola Batak men and women accommodate and maintain the current patriarchal culture? and (4) What is the agency and transformation of gender relations between Angkola Batak women and men? This research was conducted in the capitals of Padang Lawas and North Padang Lawas Regencies, namely Sibuhuan City and Gunung Tua City, North Sumatra, over a period of three years (2020- 2023). The study employs a naturalistic qualitative approach with a socio-anthropological lens. Data was collected through observations and interviews with married Batak women and men, traditional leaders, and religious leaders. The collected data was selected, reduced, narrated, and continuously analyzed to identify patterns based on field experiences. In the interpretation stage, the author attempts to systematically interpret all field findings, including history, life cycles, cultural and religious experiences, and the understood meaning of being a man and a woman, as well as document sources from previous research related to this dissertation. This research is placed in a postfeminist perspective using the concepts of agency, interrelation, and the interaction of customs, religion, and modernity in the context of gender relations as the main analytical framework. The results of this research found that: (1) The interaction and interrelation of Angkola Batak customs with Islamic religion serve as the basis for reconstructing patriarchal culture. On the one hand, Islamic teachings have reinforced the patriarchal and patrilineal culture of the Angkola Bataks, where men remain the household leaders and primary breadwinners, and lineage is traced through the father. However, on the other hand, Islam has significantly liberated women from patriarchal confines, exemplified by the phenomenon of daughters gaining inheritance rights, thereby undermining the strong patriarchal structure. (2) The development of the times and economic and social conditions are reshaping the gender roles and relations of Angkola Batak men and women. Angkola Batak men and women adapt to contemporary contexts while maintaining their gender identities as Muslim Bataks. (3) Economic needs necessitate cooperation between men and women, with women increasingly contributing to family income. Patriarchal culture indirectly requires that working women continue to fulfill domestic responsibilities, revealing no linear causal relationship between paid work and gender relations within families. (4) This dissertation found that women who live in a patriarchal order, rather than being oppressed victims, they act as agents of change in Batak society. Their involvement in preserving Batak culture is an active social intervention that can shape, reshape, and expand understanding of the Batak Angkola patriarchal patrilineal culture. On the other hand, the roles they play can directly navigate the rapidly changing modern world. The attitude of male dominance in the patriarchal patrilineal social structure in this study also cannot be interpreted as a form of arbitrary oppression of women by male figures who are in a crisis phase with problematic masculinity. This is because men also experience their own complexities. The complexity of the economy and the figure of the leader, mixed in their efforts to maintain self-esteem (marwah) and masculine identity, all of which are entangled in the vortex of modernity which makes competition for jobs with decent wages tighter and living standards increase. Thus, this dissertation study generally refutes claims that tend to reduce the complexity that occurs in the field regarding gender relations between men and women who live in a patriarchal patrilineal society construction. Theoretically, this dissertation argues that the generalizing framework of Western feminism may not be fully relevant for studying the transformation and complexity of gender relations in the Angkola Batak context. Men’s involvement is crucial in finding solutions for women, and women can negotiate patriarchal culture through their agency. Meanwhile, men in a patrilineal patriarchal society can recognize the plurality of power (transformation of gender relations), and women, through persistence, can manage patriarchal dominance, balancing roles in both public and domestic spheres.

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