OTORITAS KEAGAMAAN, MEDIA BARU DAN FATWA Studi Fatwa Online Ali Jum`ah (l. 1953 M) dan Yusuf al-Qaradhawi (w. 2022 M) Ketika dan Pasca Arab Spring

Ali Fikri Cholil, NIM.: 18300016050 (2024) OTORITAS KEAGAMAAN, MEDIA BARU DAN FATWA Studi Fatwa Online Ali Jum`ah (l. 1953 M) dan Yusuf al-Qaradhawi (w. 2022 M) Ketika dan Pasca Arab Spring. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This study examines the construction of religious authority through the perspectives of two prominent figures, Ali Jum`ahand Yusuf al-Qaradhawi.The primary aim is to comparatively analyze their religious authority, use of new media, and their fatwas. The rise of modernity has challenged the traditional role of the ulama, making their position less autonomous. However, as a means to maintain and even strengthen their authority, many ulama have used technological advancements, using modern media to disseminate fatwas and guidance to the wider public. Both Ali Jumah and Yusuf al-Qaradhawi exemplify this trend, competing to influence the interpretation of religious doctrines and symbols in an effort to assert their respective authorities. Their rivalry became especially pronounced during the Arab Spring, notably during the Egyptian revolution, where both figures took opposing positions. This study addresses several key questions: How did Ali Jum`ah and Yusuf al-Qaradhawi construct their religious authority through new media? Why did their religious authority resonate with their audiences? And to what extent did new media enhance their religious influence? The research combines both library and field research, utilizing a public sphere approach. Data were analyzed using qualitative methods, specifically ideal-type analysis. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of authority, new media, and fatwa issuance, this study reveals how both figures used modern media platforms to bolster their religious authority. Ali Jum`ah built his religious authority through new media when he led Dar al-Ifta. He transformed Dar al-Ifta into a modern global institution based on new media. Meanwhile, al-Qaradawi built his religious authority through new media by collaborating with experts and various professionals in the media field, such as journalists, editors, publishers, television presenters and managers of media institutions. One of them is through the Qatar-based al-Jazeera TV channel with its network that can be accepted by the Gulf countries. Both use new media as a strategy toexpand the reach of authority to become global muftis. For Ali Jum`ah, transforming Dar al-Ifta into a modern global institution based on new media that goes beyond the boundaries of location and time makes his fatwas delocalized. Meanwhile, Yusuf al-Qaradawi is a global mufti figure, his fatwas and ideas have influenced audiences in various parts of the world through satellite television (al-Jazeera) and his website, as exemplified bywww.islamonline.net and www.al-qaradawi.net. For Ali Jum`ah and Yusuf al-Qaradhawi, new media played a crucial role in expanding their religious authority. Both recognized that disseminating fatwas online allowed for a wider and more immediate audience. In responding to the Arab Spring, both figures utilized their religious knowledge—publicly and privately—to either counter or legitimize the Egyptian coup. The power of new media enabled both ulama to mobilize large masses, thus further cementing their authority.

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