NON-MUSLIM DALAM EKOSISTEM BISNIS SYARIAH DI KOTA MANADO

Adriandi Kasim, NIM.: 22303012008 (2025) NON-MUSLIM DALAM EKOSISTEM BISNIS SYARIAH DI KOTA MANADO. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of non Muslim participation in the sharia business ecosystem in the city of Manado through three principal theoretical frameworks, namely Maqāṣid al Syarīʿah, legal sociology, and the Legal Theory of Relations between Muslims and Non Muslims. Manado, known as a multicultural region with a predominantly non Muslim population, offers an ideal context for examining how sharia values are received and internalized by communities of different religious backgrounds. The phenomenon of non Muslim participation in sharia based business practices includes not only their role as consumers but also their involvement as owners of halal certified enterprises, the majority group of customers in sharia financial institutions, and managers of sharia compliant hotels. This indicates that sharia principles have transcended religious identity boundaries and undergone a process of social normalization. This research employs a qualitative approach using a field research design. Data were collected through in depth interviews with business actors, customers of sharia banks, managers of sharia hotels, and policymakers from BPJPH and Bank Indonesia. Field observations were conducted in halal restaurants owned by non Muslim entrepreneurs, sharia hotels, and sharia bank offices to closely examine operational practices. In addition, documentation such as halal certification data, financial institution reports, and relevant legal regulations were utilized. Data analysis was carried out through reduction, categorization, and thematic interpretation to produce an in depth understanding of the existing social and legal dynamics. This approach enables the integration of empirical data with theoretical frameworks, thereby generating academically robust findings. The results indicate that non Muslim involvement in sharia business practices aligns with both maqāṣid al ʿāmmah and maqāṣid al khāṣṣah. At the level of maqāṣid al ʿāmmah, sharia principles function as instruments for achieving public benefit (taḥqīq al maṣlaḥah al ʿāmmah), maintaining social order (ḥifẓ al niẓām), and eliminating hardship (rafʿ al ḥaraj) through clean, safe, and professional business mechanisms. At the level of maqāṣid al khāṣṣah, this phenomenon relates to the protection of religion (ḥifẓ al dīn) through the availability of halal products, the protection of life (ḥifẓ al nafs) through food hygiene and service safety, the protection of intellect (ḥifẓ al ʿaql) through transparent contracts, the protection of wealth (ḥifẓ al māl) through equitable sharia financial systems, and the protection of lineage (ḥifẓ al nasl) through family friendly business environments. Through the lens of symbolic interactionism, the study finds that sharia symbols such as halal labels, profit sharing systems, and sharia hotel attributes are interpreted differently yet complementarily by Muslims and non Muslims. These meanings are shaped through daily social interactions, making sharia principles no longer perceived as exclusive religious elements but rather as shared symbols associated with quality, cleanliness, and order. Meanwhile, the Legal Theory of Relations between Muslims and Non Muslims demonstrates that such acceptance is supported by karāmah insāniyyah, ukhuwwah insāniyyah, taʿāwun, and al ʿadālah. Sharia principles operate as universal values that can be accepted and practiced by anyone without diminishing their respective religious identities. The study concludes that non Muslim participation in the sharia business ecosystem in Manado provides strong evidence that sharia is inclusive, humanistic, and compatible with a multicultural society. These findings offer important contributions to the development of policies related to halal literacy, the enhancement of Muslim participation in the sharia economy, and the promotion of a sustainable and harmonious sharia business ecosystem.

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