FATWA DAN DISKURSUS GENDER DI INDONESIA: STUDI ATAS MUHAMMADIYAH, NAHDLATUL ULAMA, DAN MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA

Fikria Najitama, NIM.: 18300016086 (2025) FATWA DAN DISKURSUS GENDER DI INDONESIA: STUDI ATAS MUHAMMADIYAH, NAHDLATUL ULAMA, DAN MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

The discourse on gender in Indonesia has gained significant momentum since the 1990s, marked by the growing discussion, study, and debate on women’s issues. This development created epistemological pressure on religious authority to reconstruct normative understandings of women in Islam. This study examines fatwa (legal opinions) concerning women issued by Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), and the Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI, Indonesian Ulema Council), in order to analyze how far these fatwas respond to and adapt to contemporary gender discourse. The research explores the extent to which the fatwas issued by Islamic religious organizations represent the evolving gender discourse, outlines their methodological characteristics and adaptability, and addresses the diversity of fatwa typologies on women’s issues. The study analyzes fatwas through a socio-legal approach, an interdisciplinary method that combines dimensions of social sciences and legal studies. The nature of this research is descriptive-analytic-typological, focusing on the analysis of fatwas from Islamic religious organizations, which are then reconstructed into typological representations. The findings reveal that the current gender discourse significantly influences fatwas on gender issues issued by religious organizations in Indonesia. This influence is evident in the topics addressed, methodological adaptability, and the actors involved in formulating the fatwas. Furthermore, the research identifies three responsive models among the religious organizations: Muhammadiyah with a reformative character emphasizing maṣlaḥah (public benefit) and extra-doctrinal reform; Nahdlatul Ulama with a moderate approach through qaulīmanhajī (textual-methodological reasoning) and intra-doctrinal reform; and the Majelis Ulama Indonesia, with an accommodative approach that combines both models of reform within a framework of synergy with state policy. Theoretically, this study highlights the importance of developing a new paradigm in Islamic legal studies that integrates gender analysis as a fundamental epistemological variable and reconceptualizes fatwa methodology to place gender justice as an integral part of maqāṣid sharī‘ah (the higher objectives of Islamic law). Methodologically, this study recommends an integrative-contextual fatwa methodology that combines multidimensional textual analysis, a gendersensitive maqāṣid sharī‘ah approach, the integration of empirical data, and the participation of women.

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