PENGARUH INKLUSI KEUANGAN, KECUKUPAN MODAL, RISIKO KREDIT, EFISIENSI OPERASIONAL, DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS BANK DI NEGARA-NEGARA ASIA

Nurul Auliyah Putri S, NIM.: 22108040047 (2026) PENGARUH INKLUSI KEUANGAN, KECUKUPAN MODAL, RISIKO KREDIT, EFISIENSI OPERASIONAL, DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS BANK DI NEGARA-NEGARA ASIA. Skripsi thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This study analyzes the effect of financial inclusion and bank fundamental factors on profitability in the banking industry of 36 Asian countries during the 2018–2023 period, utilizing the dynamic panel data regression method, specifically the Two-Step System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM). The estimation results confirm the existence of profit persistence and reveal that Financial Inclusion Index (IFI) has a significant negative effect on Return On Asset (ROA), indicating a short-term trade-off due to the high infrastructure investment costs required to reach new market segments. Meanwhile, capital adequacy (CAR) proves to have a significant positive impact as a performance stability buffer, and the cost to income ratio (CIR) has a significant negative impact. In contrast, Non-Performing Loan (NPL) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) show no significant influence, reflecting the effectiveness of regulatory forbearance policies and asset substitution strategies adopted during the pandemic. This study concludes that strengthening capital structure and maintaining strict operational efficiency are key to sustaining bank financial performance amidst efforts to expand service access.

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