HIERARKI PENGETAHUAN IMAM AL GHAZALI (1058–1111 M) (STUDI KITAB MISHKAT AL ANWAR)

Muhammad Riyadhurrizqi Zam-Zam, NIM.: 22105010049 (2026) HIERARKI PENGETAHUAN IMAM AL GHAZALI (1058–1111 M) (STUDI KITAB MISHKAT AL ANWAR). Skripsi thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This thesis is motivated by the importance of understanding the structure of knowledge in Sufism, particularly in the thought of Imam al Ghazali, who views knowledge as a gradual process toward ultimate truth. In the Sufi tradition, knowledge does not only originate from sensory and rational experiences, but also from an intuitive inner dimension. Based on this, this study formulates the problem of how the hierarchical structure of knowledge in Sufism according to Imam al Ghazali is reflected in Mishkat al Anwar. This study aims to describe and analyze the concept of the hierarchy of knowledge, which includes ilm al hissi (sensory knowledge), ilm al aql (rational knowledge), and ilm al qalb (knowledge of the heart), as well as the relationship between these levels in the human spiritual journey. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, through a historical intellectual approach and conceptual analysis, using Mishkat al Anwar as the primary source and various Sufi literature as secondary sources. The results of the study show that al Ghazali constructed a systematic hierarchical framework of knowledge, in which sensory knowledge (ilm al hissi) and rational knowledge (ilm al aql) become the foundation for achieving intuitive knowledge of the heart (ilm al qalb) sourced from divine light (nur), thus demonstrating the integration of empirical experience, reason, and batiniyyah intuition in understanding reality and achieving ultimate truth. This framework also shows that the process of acquiring knowledge in the Sufi perspective does not stop at the rational dimension alone, but continues towards a higher spiritual dimension through purification of the soul and deepening of inner experience. Thus, the hierarchy of knowledge formulated by al Ghazali emphasizes that the pinnacle of human knowledge lies in revelation (kashf), which enables humans to understand reality more fully and deeply.

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