STRATEGI PENANGANAN OPM PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA

Rahayu Fauzi Jaya, S.Sos, NIM.: 24203011095 (2026) STRATEGI PENANGANAN OPM PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA. Masters thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This research examines the effectiveness of the Indonesian government's hard power and soft power approaches in addressing the Free Papua Organisation (OPM), officially designated as an Armed Criminal Group (KKB). The Papuan conflict constitutes a multidimensional issue encompassing national security, political legitimacy, structural injustice, and the right to self-determination of indigenous Papuan communities. The designation of OPM as a KKB in 2021 and the discourse on categorising it as a terrorist organisation under Law Number 5 of 2018 have generated normative controversy, as these measures are regarded as erasing the political context of the Papuan movement rooted in structural injustice since the Act of Free Choice (Pepera) of 1969. This research employs a normative-empirical juridical approach integrating statute, conceptual, historical, and theological normative perspectives. The analysis rests upon two theoretical frameworks: Ted Robert Gurr's theory of relative deprivation explaining collective violence as a product of the gap between value expectations and value capabilities through the frustration-aggressionrebellion mechanism; and Al-Māwardī's concept of bughat in al-Aḥkām al- Sulṭāniyyah, which mandates that the state pursue al-munasahah (dialogue) before resorting to al-qitāl (military force). This research further proposes a new theory named Dual Reasons Theory (DRT) as an original synthesis addressing the third research question. The The findings reveal: (1) the hard power approach has produced more than 105,878 internally displaced persons by 2026 and deepened cycles of violence without resolving the structural roots of the conflict, the terrorist designation is assessed as normatively inappropriate as it forecloses dignified dialogue, (2) the OPM movement satisfies all four criteria for bughat under Al- Māwardī syawka, defiance of legitimate authority, use of armed force, and ideological ta'wīl yet the normative sequence of al-munasahah has not been consistently observed, (3) Dual Reasons Theory posits that the Papuan conflict persists due to two simultaneous reasons: Reason I – Structural Deprivation (accumulated multidimensional relative deprivation left unaddressed) and Reason II – Normative Misrecognition (the state's failure to recognise OPM's political dimension and fulfil its obligation of al-munasahah). Any approach targeting only one reason is inherently partial and unsustainable. The research recommends a paradigm shift toward proactive humanitarian approaches; revitalisation of dignified dialogue involving indigenous Papuan leaders; structural reform of Special Autonomy for Papua; and the establishment of an independent truth and reconciliation commission.

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