KLAUSULA EKSONERASI DALAM KONTRAK PERJANJIAN PEER TO PEER LENDING PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIF DAN HUKUM ISLAM

Abdullah Rasyid Lubis, NIM.: 24203011032 (2026) KLAUSULA EKSONERASI DALAM KONTRAK PERJANJIAN PEER TO PEER LENDING PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIF DAN HUKUM ISLAM. Masters thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

The development of peer-to-peer lending services, or Information Technology-Based Joint Funding Services (LPBBTI), has established contractual relationships among platform providers, lenders, and borrowers, which are predominantly embodied in standard-form agreements. This condition raises legal issues when such agreements contain clauses that limit or transfer the platform provider’s liability for risks arising from lending activities. This study aims to analyze exoneration clauses contained in the user agreements of Modalku and Akseleran from the perspective of positive law and Islamic law, particularly the principle of al-‘Adālah fī al-‘Uqūd and the legal maxim al-Ġunmu bi al-Ġurmi. This research employs normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The primary legal materials consist of the Modalku User Agreement and the Akseleran User Agreement, while secondary legal materials are obtained from relevant books, scholarly journals, and Islamic economic law literature. The findings indicate that the clauses contained in the Modalku and Akseleran contracts may be categorized as exoneration clauses when, in substance, they limit or transfer the platform provider’s liability to users. From the perspective of positive law, the existence of such clauses must be assessed based on provisions governing standard-form agreements and consumer protection, as well as the Financial Services Authority (OJK) regulations concerning restrictions on exoneration clauses. From the perspective of al-‘Adālah fī al-‘Uqūd, exoneration clauses cannot be justified when they create an imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties and disproportionately impose risks upon lenders. Meanwhile, based on the legal maxim al-Ġunmu bi al-Ġurmi, risks inherently associated with the benefits of financing may be borne by the lender, whereas risks arising from the platform provider’s functions, obligations, errors, or negligence remain the responsibility of the platform provider. Therefore, the limitation of liability in peer-to-peer lending contracts cannot be justified absolutely but must be assessed based on the relationship between the benefits, risks, functions, and responsibilities of each party.

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