AKHLAQIYAT MISKAWAYH MIN MANZUR ISLAMI QIRA'AH MU'ASIRAH LI KITAB TAHDHIB AL AKHLAQ LI MISKAWAYH

Salimah Mohammed Husyan, NIM.: 17300016068 (2021) AKHLAQIYAT MISKAWAYH MIN MANZUR ISLAMI QIRA'AH MU'ASIRAH LI KITAB TAHDHIB AL AKHLAQ LI MISKAWAYH. Doctoral thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

One of the contemporary problems which is very urgent to get attention is the problem of morality. Because morality is a fundamental and essential part of people's life. When these moral principles collapse, a nation and a state will experience failure and destruction in their social, cultural and political order. This phenomenon always exists and occurs repeatedly from time to time including during the Miskawaīh period, the central object of which is the subject of this dissertation. This dissertation raises this problem through the Miskwaīh perspective in his book Tahẓīb al-Akhlāq. A magnum opus work that combines the social and political realities of his day and at the same time the spark of his philosophical thoughts in the moral field. By using a descriptive analytical approach (al-Manhaj al- Waṣfi al-Taḥlīlī), this study found the essence of Sibawaih's thoughts, both philosophical and practical. Philosophically, Miskawaīh views humans as a source of morals and socio-politics. Humans and morals are two inseparable sides. There is no human without morals, and vice versa, there is no moral without humans. According to him, morals are not natural (jibillah), but are cultivated (muktasabah) through reason or reason. Moral has many dimensions: tauhid, value (qīmah), preventive (wiqāiyah) and curative (syifāiyah). Humans, apart from being rational, individual and free beings, are also entities of spirituality and social beings. Therefore, improving human morale must also depart from these dimensions. Practically the steps that need to be taken in an effort to improve morals are cleansing one's soul or mental (tazkiyah al-nafs), enlightening reason (reason), instilling courage (syajā'ah) and maintaining dignity (al-muruah). Individuals who have moral integrity, dare to express themselves, have the will and freedom of thought will ultimately form a social community that is good, intelligent, respectful and full of tolerance. In other words, a society of a nation will be good if it fulfills the following three things: 1) If it consists of individuals who have moral integrity, 2) Respect humanity, 3) If it has freedom and openness in thinking and believing.

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