PLURALISME ESOTERIK FRITHJOF SCHUON DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA

Abdul Malik Lubis, NIM.: 22105010002 (2025) PLURALISME ESOTERIK FRITHJOF SCHUON DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA. Skripsi thesis, UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA.

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Abstract

This research is motivated by the religious paradox in Indonesia, where an increase in religious ritualism is directly proportional to the trend of intolerance and violations of religious freedom, as recorded in the 2024 SETARA Institute report. The legal-formal approach implemented by the government is considered to have not addressed the theological roots of the problem, namely the religious formalism perspective that absolutizes mere symbols or exoteric dimensions. The formulation of the problem in this study focuses on how the concepts of exotericism and esotericism are framed in Frithjof Schuon's thought and their philosophical implications for religious harmony in Indonesia. This study aims to formulate a philosophical foundation for harmony through Schuon's thought on the transcendent unity of religions, analyzed using the ontological framework of Ṣūrah (Form) and Maʿnā (Substance) by Jalaluddin Rumi. The research method employed is library research with a descriptive-analytical and philosophical approach. Primary data sources refer to the authoritative works of Frithjof Schuon, particularly The Transcendent Unity of Religions, which are analyzed using hermeneutic interpretation to situate these thoughts within the Indonesian sociological context. The results indicate that Schuon's framework offers a dialectical solution termed "Esoteric Pluralism." Schuon divides religion into two dimensions: (1) Exotericism (the realm of Ṣūrah), where religion is formal and exclusive as a "Relative-Absolute" for the sake of salvation; and (2) Esotericism (the realm of Maʿnā), where religion is universal and unified in divine metaphysics for total deliverance. This study concludes that harmony in Indonesia can be strengthened by adopting the synthesis of "Exclusive Ritually, but Pluralistic Spiritually." Practical implications include the transformation of interfaith dialogue towards a "Dialogue of Taste" (sharing spiritual experience), as well as the resolution of symbolic conflicts regarding places of worship through the understanding that The Infinite cannot be confined by a single physical form.

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